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Development of and Recovery from Secondary Hypogonadism in Aging Men: Prospective Results from the EMAS

Rastrelli, Giulia ; Carter, Emma L. ; Ahern, Tomas ; Finn, Joseph D. ; Antonio, Leen ; O'Neill, Terence W. ; Bartfai, Gyorgy ; Casanueva, Felipe F. ; Forti, Gianni and Keevil, Brian , et al. (2015) In Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100(8). p.3172-3182
Abstract
Context: Secondary hypogonadism is common in aging men; its natural history and predisposing factors are unclear. Objectives: The objectives were 1) to identify factors that predispose eugonadal men (T >= 10.5 nmol/L) to develop biochemical secondary hypogonadism (T < 10.5 nmol/L; LH <= 9.4 U/L) and secondary hypogonadal men to recover to eugonadism; and 2) to characterize clinical features associated with these transitions. Design: The study was designed as a prospective observational general population cohort survey. Setting: The setting was clinical research centers. Participants: The participants were 3369 community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years in eight European centers. Intervention: Interventions included observational... (More)
Context: Secondary hypogonadism is common in aging men; its natural history and predisposing factors are unclear. Objectives: The objectives were 1) to identify factors that predispose eugonadal men (T >= 10.5 nmol/L) to develop biochemical secondary hypogonadism (T < 10.5 nmol/L; LH <= 9.4 U/L) and secondary hypogonadal men to recover to eugonadism; and 2) to characterize clinical features associated with these transitions. Design: The study was designed as a prospective observational general population cohort survey. Setting: The setting was clinical research centers. Participants: The participants were 3369 community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years in eight European centers. Intervention: Interventions included observational follow-up of 4.3 years. Main Outcome Measure: Subjects were categorized according to change/no change in biochemical gonadal status during follow-up as follows: persistent eugonadal (n = 1909), incident secondary hypogonadal (n = 140), persistent secondary hypogonadal (n = 123), and recovered from secondary hypogonadism to eugonadism (n = 96). Baseline predictors and changes in clinical features associated with incident secondary hypogonadism and recovery from secondary hypogonadism were analyzed by regression models. Results: The incidence of secondary hypogonadism was 155.9/10 000/year, whereas 42.9% of men with secondary hypogonadism recovered to eugonadism. Incident secondary hypogonadism was predicted by obesity(body mass index >= 30 kg/m(2); odds ratio [OR] = 2.86 [95% confidenceinterval, 1.67; 4.90]; P < .0001), weight gain (OR = 1.79 [1.15; 2.80]; P = .011), and increased waist circumference (OR = 1.73 [1.07; 2.81], P = .026; and OR = 2.64 [1.66; 4.21], P < .0001, for waist circumference 94-102 and >= 102 cm, respectively). Incident secondary hypogonadal men experienced new/worsening sexual symptoms (low libido, erectile dysfunction, and infrequent spontaneous erections). Recovery from secondary hypogonadism was predicted by nonobesity(OR = 2.28 [1.21; 4.31]; P = .011), weight loss (OR = 2.24 [1.04; 4.85]; P = .042), normal waist circumference (OR = 1.93 [1.01; 3.70]; P = .048), younger age (<60 y; OR = 2.32 [1.12; 4.82]; P = .024), and higher education (OR = 2.11 [1.05; 4.26]; P = .037), but symptoms did not show significant concurrent improvement. Conclusion: Obesity-related metabolic and lifestyle factors predispose older men to the development of secondary hypogonadism, which is frequently reversible with weight loss. (Less)
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publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
volume
100
issue
8
pages
3172 - 3182
publisher
Oxford University Press
external identifiers
  • wos:000364855900064
  • scopus:84939123662
  • pmid:26000545
ISSN
1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2015-1571
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
8fa4543d-5ad3-4e00-a024-4d16db46f71b (old id 8539779)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 15:06:02
date last changed
2022-04-30 06:04:46
@article{8fa4543d-5ad3-4e00-a024-4d16db46f71b,
  abstract     = {{Context: Secondary hypogonadism is common in aging men; its natural history and predisposing factors are unclear. Objectives: The objectives were 1) to identify factors that predispose eugonadal men (T &gt;= 10.5 nmol/L) to develop biochemical secondary hypogonadism (T &lt; 10.5 nmol/L; LH &lt;= 9.4 U/L) and secondary hypogonadal men to recover to eugonadism; and 2) to characterize clinical features associated with these transitions. Design: The study was designed as a prospective observational general population cohort survey. Setting: The setting was clinical research centers. Participants: The participants were 3369 community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years in eight European centers. Intervention: Interventions included observational follow-up of 4.3 years. Main Outcome Measure: Subjects were categorized according to change/no change in biochemical gonadal status during follow-up as follows: persistent eugonadal (n = 1909), incident secondary hypogonadal (n = 140), persistent secondary hypogonadal (n = 123), and recovered from secondary hypogonadism to eugonadism (n = 96). Baseline predictors and changes in clinical features associated with incident secondary hypogonadism and recovery from secondary hypogonadism were analyzed by regression models. Results: The incidence of secondary hypogonadism was 155.9/10 000/year, whereas 42.9% of men with secondary hypogonadism recovered to eugonadism. Incident secondary hypogonadism was predicted by obesity(body mass index &gt;= 30 kg/m(2); odds ratio [OR] = 2.86 [95% confidenceinterval, 1.67; 4.90]; P &lt; .0001), weight gain (OR = 1.79 [1.15; 2.80]; P = .011), and increased waist circumference (OR = 1.73 [1.07; 2.81], P = .026; and OR = 2.64 [1.66; 4.21], P &lt; .0001, for waist circumference 94-102 and &gt;= 102 cm, respectively). Incident secondary hypogonadal men experienced new/worsening sexual symptoms (low libido, erectile dysfunction, and infrequent spontaneous erections). Recovery from secondary hypogonadism was predicted by nonobesity(OR = 2.28 [1.21; 4.31]; P = .011), weight loss (OR = 2.24 [1.04; 4.85]; P = .042), normal waist circumference (OR = 1.93 [1.01; 3.70]; P = .048), younger age (&lt;60 y; OR = 2.32 [1.12; 4.82]; P = .024), and higher education (OR = 2.11 [1.05; 4.26]; P = .037), but symptoms did not show significant concurrent improvement. Conclusion: Obesity-related metabolic and lifestyle factors predispose older men to the development of secondary hypogonadism, which is frequently reversible with weight loss.}},
  author       = {{Rastrelli, Giulia and Carter, Emma L. and Ahern, Tomas and Finn, Joseph D. and Antonio, Leen and O'Neill, Terence W. and Bartfai, Gyorgy and Casanueva, Felipe F. and Forti, Gianni and Keevil, Brian and Maggi, Mario and Giwercman, Aleksander and Han, Thang S. and Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T. and Kula, Krzysztof and Lean, Michael E. J. and Pendleton, Neil and Punab, Margus and Vanderschueren, Dirk and Wu, Frederick C. W.}},
  issn         = {{1945-7197}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{3172--3182}},
  publisher    = {{Oxford University Press}},
  series       = {{Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism}},
  title        = {{Development of and Recovery from Secondary Hypogonadism in Aging Men: Prospective Results from the EMAS}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1571}},
  doi          = {{10.1210/jc.2015-1571}},
  volume       = {{100}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}