Skip to main content

Lund University Publications

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory diseases among Swedish women aged 15 years or older : A nationwide cohort study (2002–2018)

Forsberg, Per Ola LU ; Sundqvist, Christoffer LU orcid ; Li, Xinjun LU ; Borgfeldt, Christer LU ; Sundquist, Kristina LU and Jansåker, Filip LU orcid (2026) In Heliyon 12(1).
Abstract

Objectives This study aimed to examine associations of sociodemographic factors, cervical cancer, urogenital infections (cystitis, vulvovaginitis, and vaginosis), and parity with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID). Methods Nationwide open cohort study including 4,097,075 women aged 15 years or older during the study time period (2002–2018). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the first event of PID during the study period. Results Young age, low education, low family income, cervical cancer, other urogenital infections, and parity were independently associated with a higher risk of PID. In addition to young age, the risks of PID were particularly... (More)

Objectives This study aimed to examine associations of sociodemographic factors, cervical cancer, urogenital infections (cystitis, vulvovaginitis, and vaginosis), and parity with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID). Methods Nationwide open cohort study including 4,097,075 women aged 15 years or older during the study time period (2002–2018). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the first event of PID during the study period. Results Young age, low education, low family income, cervical cancer, other urogenital infections, and parity were independently associated with a higher risk of PID. In addition to young age, the risks of PID were particularly elevated amongst women with cervical cancer (HR 2.02; 95 % CI 1.82–2.23) and urogenital infections such as vaginosis (HR 2.60; 95 % CI 2.55–2.65) compared to those without these conditions. Conclusion The elevated PID risk linked to sociodemographic factors, cervical cancer, and urogenital infections indicates areas for preventive measures and screening efforts. These findings may be used by clinicians to identify women at increased risk of PID and indicate areas for enhanced screening efforts and preventive measures in public health programs.

(Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
; ; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Cervical cancer, Cystitis, Pelvic inflammatory diseases, Socioeconomic status, Vaginosis, Vulvovaginitis
in
Heliyon
volume
12
issue
1
article number
e44429
publisher
Elsevier
external identifiers
  • scopus:105025650610
ISSN
2405-8440
DOI
10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44429
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
id
8dce2173-4720-4589-a842-860f5cfc10a4
date added to LUP
2026-03-24 14:36:24
date last changed
2026-03-24 14:37:05
@article{8dce2173-4720-4589-a842-860f5cfc10a4,
  abstract     = {{<p>Objectives This study aimed to examine associations of sociodemographic factors, cervical cancer, urogenital infections (cystitis, vulvovaginitis, and vaginosis), and parity with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID). Methods Nationwide open cohort study including 4,097,075 women aged 15 years or older during the study time period (2002–2018). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the first event of PID during the study period. Results Young age, low education, low family income, cervical cancer, other urogenital infections, and parity were independently associated with a higher risk of PID. In addition to young age, the risks of PID were particularly elevated amongst women with cervical cancer (HR 2.02; 95 % CI 1.82–2.23) and urogenital infections such as vaginosis (HR 2.60; 95 % CI 2.55–2.65) compared to those without these conditions. Conclusion The elevated PID risk linked to sociodemographic factors, cervical cancer, and urogenital infections indicates areas for preventive measures and screening efforts. These findings may be used by clinicians to identify women at increased risk of PID and indicate areas for enhanced screening efforts and preventive measures in public health programs.</p>}},
  author       = {{Forsberg, Per Ola and Sundqvist, Christoffer and Li, Xinjun and Borgfeldt, Christer and Sundquist, Kristina and Jansåker, Filip}},
  issn         = {{2405-8440}},
  keywords     = {{Cervical cancer; Cystitis; Pelvic inflammatory diseases; Socioeconomic status; Vaginosis; Vulvovaginitis}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Heliyon}},
  title        = {{Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory diseases among Swedish women aged 15 years or older : A nationwide cohort study (2002–2018)}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44429}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44429}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}