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Low-level viremia in people with HIV in Ethiopia is associated with subsequent lack of viral suppression and attrition from care

Abdulahi, Ilili Jemal LU ; Björkman, Per LU orcid ; Abdissa, Alemseged LU ; Medstrand, Patrik LU orcid ; Reepalu, Anton LU orcid and Elvstam, Olof LU orcid (2025) In Global Health Action 18(1). p.1-9
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Low-level viremia during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with inferior outcomes, but knowledge on the impact of low-level viremia in the current era of dolutegravir-based ART in low-income countries is limited.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether low-level viremia predicts virologic non-suppression and attrition from care in people with HIV receiving ART in Ethiopia.

METHODS: We included people receiving ART at public health facilities in an urban area in central Ethiopia and categorized persons with ≥1 available viral load 2019-2020 as having either suppression (<150 copies/mL) or low-level viremia (151-1,000 copies/mL); people with >1,000 copies/mL were excluded. We used multivariable... (More)

BACKGROUND: Low-level viremia during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with inferior outcomes, but knowledge on the impact of low-level viremia in the current era of dolutegravir-based ART in low-income countries is limited.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether low-level viremia predicts virologic non-suppression and attrition from care in people with HIV receiving ART in Ethiopia.

METHODS: We included people receiving ART at public health facilities in an urban area in central Ethiopia and categorized persons with ≥1 available viral load 2019-2020 as having either suppression (<150 copies/mL) or low-level viremia (151-1,000 copies/mL); people with >1,000 copies/mL were excluded. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, ART regimen, type of health facility, and duration of ART to analyze the associations between viremia category and incidence of unsuppressed viral load (>1,000 copies/mL) and attrition from care (death or loss to follow-up) during 3 years of follow-up.

RESULTS: Among 12,165 participants, the median age was 44 years, 64.2% were female, and 89.1% received tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Of the study population, 11,959 (98.3%) had suppression and 206 (1.7%) had low-level viremia. Over 3 years of follow-up, 2.2% of participants with suppression and 11.3% with low-level viremia had unsuppressed viral load. Low-level viremia was associated with both unsuppressed viremia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-6.2) and attrition (aOR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.6).

CONCLUSION: Among Ethiopian people with HIV receiving ART, low-level viremia predicted subsequent virologic non-suppression and attrition from care, supporting current recommendations for heightened attention to low-level viremia in ART recipients.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Humans, Ethiopia/epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections/drug therapy, Male, Viremia/drug therapy, Adult, Viral Load, Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Pyridones/therapeutic use, Young Adult, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use, Oxazines, Piperazines
in
Global Health Action
volume
18
issue
1
article number
2464342
pages
1 - 9
publisher
Taylor & Francis
external identifiers
  • scopus:85218026586
  • pmid:39945786
ISSN
1654-9716
DOI
10.1080/16549716.2025.2464342
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
9ed46bc2-ea67-44bd-9707-a76ecdf080ed
date added to LUP
2025-02-14 13:08:50
date last changed
2025-07-08 19:23:12
@article{9ed46bc2-ea67-44bd-9707-a76ecdf080ed,
  abstract     = {{<p>BACKGROUND: Low-level viremia during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with inferior outcomes, but knowledge on the impact of low-level viremia in the current era of dolutegravir-based ART in low-income countries is limited.</p><p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether low-level viremia predicts virologic non-suppression and attrition from care in people with HIV receiving ART in Ethiopia.</p><p>METHODS: We included people receiving ART at public health facilities in an urban area in central Ethiopia and categorized persons with ≥1 available viral load 2019-2020 as having either suppression (&lt;150 copies/mL) or low-level viremia (151-1,000 copies/mL); people with &gt;1,000 copies/mL were excluded. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, ART regimen, type of health facility, and duration of ART to analyze the associations between viremia category and incidence of unsuppressed viral load (&gt;1,000 copies/mL) and attrition from care (death or loss to follow-up) during 3 years of follow-up.</p><p>RESULTS: Among 12,165 participants, the median age was 44 years, 64.2% were female, and 89.1% received tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Of the study population, 11,959 (98.3%) had suppression and 206 (1.7%) had low-level viremia. Over 3 years of follow-up, 2.2% of participants with suppression and 11.3% with low-level viremia had unsuppressed viral load. Low-level viremia was associated with both unsuppressed viremia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-6.2) and attrition (aOR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.6).</p><p>CONCLUSION: Among Ethiopian people with HIV receiving ART, low-level viremia predicted subsequent virologic non-suppression and attrition from care, supporting current recommendations for heightened attention to low-level viremia in ART recipients.</p>}},
  author       = {{Abdulahi, Ilili Jemal and Björkman, Per and Abdissa, Alemseged and Medstrand, Patrik and Reepalu, Anton and Elvstam, Olof}},
  issn         = {{1654-9716}},
  keywords     = {{Humans; Ethiopia/epidemiology; Female; HIV Infections/drug therapy; Male; Viremia/drug therapy; Adult; Viral Load; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use; Middle Aged; Pyridones/therapeutic use; Young Adult; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use; Oxazines; Piperazines}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{1--9}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  series       = {{Global Health Action}},
  title        = {{Low-level viremia in people with HIV in Ethiopia is associated with subsequent lack of viral suppression and attrition from care}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2025.2464342}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/16549716.2025.2464342}},
  volume       = {{18}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}