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Job Strain Profiles in Pharmacy Workforce: Evidence from the Job Demand, Control, and Support Model in Ghana

Dogbey, Godwin ; Hiller, Adriana-Maria LU orcid ; Zinale, Awaanu-Lah ; Baiden, Seth Atta and Kisiel, Marta A. (2026) In Safety and Health at Work 17(2). p.223-230
Abstract
Background
The Job Demand–Control–Support (JD-C-S) model evaluates how psychosocial work factors affect health and performance. We examined how demographics, job title, and experience influence demand, control, and support among Ghanaian pharmacy staff.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey of pharmacy personnel from Tamale and Sagnerigu was conducted using the JD-C-S questionnaire. Demand and control items were scored on a five-point Likert scale. For the main analyses, demand and control scores were dichotomized using sample median cut-offs (demand = 3.0; control/support = 3.5) and combined to classify participants into four job-strain categories: high strain, low strain, active, and passive. Associations were estimated using... (More)
Background
The Job Demand–Control–Support (JD-C-S) model evaluates how psychosocial work factors affect health and performance. We examined how demographics, job title, and experience influence demand, control, and support among Ghanaian pharmacy staff.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey of pharmacy personnel from Tamale and Sagnerigu was conducted using the JD-C-S questionnaire. Demand and control items were scored on a five-point Likert scale. For the main analyses, demand and control scores were dichotomized using sample median cut-offs (demand = 3.0; control/support = 3.5) and combined to classify participants into four job-strain categories: high strain, low strain, active, and passive. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses using linear regression with continuous JD-C-S scale scores were performed.
Results
There were 117 pharmacy personnel (mean age 26.7; 42% female). Passive (43.6%) and active jobs (29.1%) were the most common, followed by high-strain (18.8%) and low-strain (8.5%) jobs. Job demand means were significantly higher in participants aged ≤30 years than in younger (3.16 vs. 2.55, p < 0.001), as was job control means (3.50 vs. 2.82, p <0.001). Medicine counter assistants had significantly higher odds of high-strain jobs compared with pharmacists (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.01–7.77). Sensitivity analyses indicated that medicine counter assistants experienced lower job control than pharmacists (β-coefficient −0.38, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.05).
Conclusions
Job title, experience, age, and sex shape the psychosocial work profiles of pharmacy personnel, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to reduce stress and support well-being. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Safety and Health at Work
volume
17
issue
2
pages
223 - 230
publisher
Elsevier
external identifiers
  • scopus:105037760296
  • pmid:42382205
ISSN
2093-7911
DOI
10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.007
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
b08b81c1-578d-4f97-920d-45a1120bdfb8
alternative location
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2093791126000314
date added to LUP
2026-04-02 09:16:39
date last changed
2026-07-03 03:00:17
@article{b08b81c1-578d-4f97-920d-45a1120bdfb8,
  abstract     = {{Background<br/>The Job Demand–Control–Support (JD-C-S) model evaluates how psychosocial work factors affect health and performance. We examined how demographics, job title, and experience influence demand, control, and support among Ghanaian pharmacy staff.<br/>Methods<br/>A cross-sectional survey of pharmacy personnel from Tamale and Sagnerigu was conducted using the JD-C-S questionnaire. Demand and control items were scored on a five-point Likert scale. For the main analyses, demand and control scores were dichotomized using sample median cut-offs (demand = 3.0; control/support = 3.5) and combined to classify participants into four job-strain categories: high strain, low strain, active, and passive. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses using linear regression with continuous JD-C-S scale scores were performed.<br/>Results<br/>There were 117 pharmacy personnel (mean age 26.7; 42% female). Passive (43.6%) and active jobs (29.1%) were the most common, followed by high-strain (18.8%) and low-strain (8.5%) jobs. Job demand means were significantly higher in participants aged ≤30 years than in younger (3.16 vs. 2.55, p &lt; 0.001), as was job control means (3.50 vs. 2.82, p &lt;0.001). Medicine counter assistants had significantly higher odds of high-strain jobs compared with pharmacists (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.01–7.77). Sensitivity analyses indicated that medicine counter assistants experienced lower job control than pharmacists (β-coefficient −0.38, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.05).<br/>Conclusions<br/>Job title, experience, age, and sex shape the psychosocial work profiles of pharmacy personnel, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to reduce stress and support well-being.}},
  author       = {{Dogbey, Godwin and Hiller, Adriana-Maria and Zinale, Awaanu-Lah and Baiden, Seth Atta and Kisiel, Marta A.}},
  issn         = {{2093-7911}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{223--230}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Safety and Health at Work}},
  title        = {{Job Strain Profiles in Pharmacy Workforce: Evidence from the Job Demand, Control, and Support Model in Ghana}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.007}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.007}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}