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Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions

Rasmussen, Berit B ; Wang, Kai ; Karstoft, Johan G ; Skov, Søren N ; Køcks, Morten LU ; Andersen, Christina LU ; Wierzbicka, Aneta LU orcid ; Pagels, Joakim LU ; Pedersen, Peter B and Glasius, Marianne , et al. (2021) In Indoor Air 31(4). p.1084-1094
Abstract

Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h-1 ). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0-1 h) and stable (1-6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4-7.3 and 4.7-7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during... (More)

Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h-1 ). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0-1 h) and stable (1-6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4-7.3 and 4.7-7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Indoor Air
volume
31
issue
4
pages
11 pages
publisher
Wiley-Blackwell
external identifiers
  • pmid:33565212
  • scopus:85100714221
ISSN
0905-6947
DOI
10.1111/ina.12800
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
c88c83e4-de9c-49b1-953f-518df8b4ad3a
date added to LUP
2021-02-12 12:40:40
date last changed
2024-04-18 01:55:45
@article{c88c83e4-de9c-49b1-953f-518df8b4ad3a,
  abstract     = {{<p>Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 &gt;18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h-1 ). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0-1 h) and stable (1-6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4-7.3 and 4.7-7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.</p>}},
  author       = {{Rasmussen, Berit B and Wang, Kai and Karstoft, Johan G and Skov, Søren N and Køcks, Morten and Andersen, Christina and Wierzbicka, Aneta and Pagels, Joakim and Pedersen, Peter B and Glasius, Marianne and Bilde, Merete}},
  issn         = {{0905-6947}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{07}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{1084--1094}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  series       = {{Indoor Air}},
  title        = {{Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ina.12800}},
  doi          = {{10.1111/ina.12800}},
  volume       = {{31}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}