Genomic Mechanisms Accounting for the Adaptation to Parasitism in Nematode-Trapping Fungi
Meerupati, Tejashwari LU ; Andersson, Karl-Magnus LU ; Friman, Eva LU ; Kumar, Dharmendra LU ; Tunlid, Anders LU and Ahrén, Dag LU
(2013)
In PLoS Genetics
9(11).
- Abstract
- Orbiliomycetes is one of the earliest diverging branches of the filamentous ascomycetes. The class contains nematode-trapping fungi that form unique infection structures, called traps, to capture and kill free-living nematodes. The traps have evolved differently along several lineages and include adhesive traps (knobs, nets or branches) and constricting rings. We show, by genome sequencing of the knob-forming species Monacrosporium haptotylum and comparison with the net-forming species Arthrobotrys oligospora, that two genomic mechanisms are likely to have been important for the adaptation to parasitism in these fungi. Firstly, the expansion of protein domain families and the large number of species-specific genes indicated that gene... (More)
- Orbiliomycetes is one of the earliest diverging branches of the filamentous ascomycetes. The class contains nematode-trapping fungi that form unique infection structures, called traps, to capture and kill free-living nematodes. The traps have evolved differently along several lineages and include adhesive traps (knobs, nets or branches) and constricting rings. We show, by genome sequencing of the knob-forming species Monacrosporium haptotylum and comparison with the net-forming species Arthrobotrys oligospora, that two genomic mechanisms are likely to have been important for the adaptation to parasitism in these fungi. Firstly, the expansion of protein domain families and the large number of species-specific genes indicated that gene duplication followed by functional diversification had a major role in the evolution of the nematode-trapping fungi. Gene expression indicated that many of these genes are important for pathogenicity. Secondly, gene expression of orthologs between the two fungi during infection indicated that differential regulation was an important mechanism for the evolution of parasitism in nematode-trapping fungi. Many of the highly expressed and highly upregulated M. haptotylum transcripts during the early stages of nematode infection were species-specific and encoded small secreted proteins (SSPs) that were affected by repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). An active RIP mechanism was revealed by lack of repeats, dinucleotide bias in repeats and genes, low proportion of recent gene duplicates, and reduction of recent gene family expansions. The high expression and rapid divergence of SSPs indicate a striking similarity in the infection mechanisms of nematode-trapping fungi and plant and insect pathogens from the crown groups of the filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina). The patterns of gene family expansions in the nematode-trapping fungi were more similar to plant pathogens than to insect and animal pathogens. The observation of RIP activity in the Orbiliomycetes suggested that this mechanism was present early in the evolution of the filamentous ascomycetes. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4175172
- author
- Meerupati, Tejashwari
LU
; Andersson, Karl-Magnus
LU
; Friman, Eva
LU
; Kumar, Dharmendra
LU
; Tunlid, Anders
LU
and Ahrén, Dag
LU
- organization
- publishing date
- 2013
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- published
- subject
- in
- PLoS Genetics
- volume
- 9
- issue
- 11
- article number
- e1003909
- publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- external identifiers
-
- pmid:24244185
- wos:000330369000013
- scopus:84888235488
- pmid:24244185
- ISSN
- 1553-7404
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003909
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- ca3ab56c-602f-4379-bc4c-d2225d276a1c (old id 4175172)
- date added to LUP
- 2016-04-01 10:27:57
- date last changed
- 2024-04-07 09:23:26
@article{ca3ab56c-602f-4379-bc4c-d2225d276a1c,
abstract = {{Orbiliomycetes is one of the earliest diverging branches of the filamentous ascomycetes. The class contains nematode-trapping fungi that form unique infection structures, called traps, to capture and kill free-living nematodes. The traps have evolved differently along several lineages and include adhesive traps (knobs, nets or branches) and constricting rings. We show, by genome sequencing of the knob-forming species Monacrosporium haptotylum and comparison with the net-forming species Arthrobotrys oligospora, that two genomic mechanisms are likely to have been important for the adaptation to parasitism in these fungi. Firstly, the expansion of protein domain families and the large number of species-specific genes indicated that gene duplication followed by functional diversification had a major role in the evolution of the nematode-trapping fungi. Gene expression indicated that many of these genes are important for pathogenicity. Secondly, gene expression of orthologs between the two fungi during infection indicated that differential regulation was an important mechanism for the evolution of parasitism in nematode-trapping fungi. Many of the highly expressed and highly upregulated M. haptotylum transcripts during the early stages of nematode infection were species-specific and encoded small secreted proteins (SSPs) that were affected by repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). An active RIP mechanism was revealed by lack of repeats, dinucleotide bias in repeats and genes, low proportion of recent gene duplicates, and reduction of recent gene family expansions. The high expression and rapid divergence of SSPs indicate a striking similarity in the infection mechanisms of nematode-trapping fungi and plant and insect pathogens from the crown groups of the filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina). The patterns of gene family expansions in the nematode-trapping fungi were more similar to plant pathogens than to insect and animal pathogens. The observation of RIP activity in the Orbiliomycetes suggested that this mechanism was present early in the evolution of the filamentous ascomycetes.}},
author = {{Meerupati, Tejashwari and Andersson, Karl-Magnus and Friman, Eva and Kumar, Dharmendra and Tunlid, Anders and Ahrén, Dag}},
issn = {{1553-7404}},
language = {{eng}},
number = {{11}},
publisher = {{Public Library of Science (PLoS)}},
series = {{PLoS Genetics}},
title = {{Genomic Mechanisms Accounting for the Adaptation to Parasitism in Nematode-Trapping Fungi}},
url = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/1868267/4175176.pdf}},
doi = {{10.1371/journal.pgen.1003909}},
volume = {{9}},
year = {{2013}},
}