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Te incorporation and activation as n-type dopant in self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires

Hakkarainen, Teemu ; Rizzo Piton, Marcelo ; Fiordaliso, Elisabetta Maria ; Leshchenko, Egor D. LU ; Koelling, Sebastian ; Bettini, Jefferson ; Vinicius Avanço Galeti, Helder ; Koivusalo, Eero ; Gobato, Yara Galvaõ and De Giovanni Rodrigues, Ariano , et al. (2019) In Physical Review Materials 3(8).
Abstract

Dopant atoms can be incorporated into nanowires either via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism through the catalyst droplet or by the vapor-solid growth on the sidewalls. Si is a typical n-type dopant for GaAs, but in nanowires it often suffers from a strongly amphoteric nature in the vapor-liquid-solid process. This issue can be avoided by using Te, which is a promising but less common alternative for n-type doping of GaAs nanowires. Here, we present a detailed investigation of Te-doped self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires. We use several complementary experimental techniques, such as atom probe tomography, off-axis electron holography, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and single-nanowire transport characterization, to assess the Te concentration, the... (More)

Dopant atoms can be incorporated into nanowires either via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism through the catalyst droplet or by the vapor-solid growth on the sidewalls. Si is a typical n-type dopant for GaAs, but in nanowires it often suffers from a strongly amphoteric nature in the vapor-liquid-solid process. This issue can be avoided by using Te, which is a promising but less common alternative for n-type doping of GaAs nanowires. Here, we present a detailed investigation of Te-doped self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires. We use several complementary experimental techniques, such as atom probe tomography, off-axis electron holography, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and single-nanowire transport characterization, to assess the Te concentration, the free-electron concentration, and the built-in potential in Te-doped GaAs nanowires. By combing the experimental results with a theoretical model, we show that Te atoms are mainly incorporated by the vapor-liquid-solid process through the Ga droplet, which leads to both axial and radial dopant gradients due to Te diffusion inside the nanowires and competition between axial elongation and radial growth of nanowires. Furthermore, by comparing the free-electron concentration from Raman spectroscopy and the Te-atom concentrations from atom probe tomography, we show that the activation of Te donor atoms is 100% at a doping level of 4×1018cm-3, which is a significant result in terms of future device applications.

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type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Physical Review Materials
volume
3
issue
8
article number
086001
publisher
American Physical Society
external identifiers
  • scopus:85070548104
ISSN
2475-9953
DOI
10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.086001
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
cb79071b-6cf5-43cc-afb9-c774a9a34cda
date added to LUP
2019-08-30 14:13:26
date last changed
2023-10-21 18:07:48
@article{cb79071b-6cf5-43cc-afb9-c774a9a34cda,
  abstract     = {{<p>Dopant atoms can be incorporated into nanowires either via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism through the catalyst droplet or by the vapor-solid growth on the sidewalls. Si is a typical n-type dopant for GaAs, but in nanowires it often suffers from a strongly amphoteric nature in the vapor-liquid-solid process. This issue can be avoided by using Te, which is a promising but less common alternative for n-type doping of GaAs nanowires. Here, we present a detailed investigation of Te-doped self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires. We use several complementary experimental techniques, such as atom probe tomography, off-axis electron holography, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and single-nanowire transport characterization, to assess the Te concentration, the free-electron concentration, and the built-in potential in Te-doped GaAs nanowires. By combing the experimental results with a theoretical model, we show that Te atoms are mainly incorporated by the vapor-liquid-solid process through the Ga droplet, which leads to both axial and radial dopant gradients due to Te diffusion inside the nanowires and competition between axial elongation and radial growth of nanowires. Furthermore, by comparing the free-electron concentration from Raman spectroscopy and the Te-atom concentrations from atom probe tomography, we show that the activation of Te donor atoms is 100% at a doping level of 4×1018cm-3, which is a significant result in terms of future device applications.</p>}},
  author       = {{Hakkarainen, Teemu and Rizzo Piton, Marcelo and Fiordaliso, Elisabetta Maria and Leshchenko, Egor D. and Koelling, Sebastian and Bettini, Jefferson and Vinicius Avanço Galeti, Helder and Koivusalo, Eero and Gobato, Yara Galvaõ and De Giovanni Rodrigues, Ariano and Lupo, Donald and Koenraad, Paul M. and Leite, Edson Roberto and Dubrovskii, Vladimir G. and Guina, Mircea}},
  issn         = {{2475-9953}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{08}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{American Physical Society}},
  series       = {{Physical Review Materials}},
  title        = {{Te incorporation and activation as n-type dopant in self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.086001}},
  doi          = {{10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.086001}},
  volume       = {{3}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}