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Assessment of Wind Energy Resources at 100 m in the South China Sea : Climatology and Interdecadal Variation

Xu, Hai ; Long, Jingchao ; Lu, Zhengyao LU orcid ; Li, Wenji ; Zhuang, Shuqi ; Zhang, Shuqin and Xu, Jianjun (2026) In Atmosphere 17(4).
Abstract

Wind energy is an important form of clean energy, and its rational utilization represents a crucial solution for mitigating the energy crisis and global warming. In this study, wind energy potential and its long-term changes in the South China Sea (SCS) are evaluated using ERA5 100 m wind data from 1944 to 2023, validated against ASCAT observations. High wind speeds and high wind power density (WPD) are concentrated southwest of Taiwan and southeast of Vietnam. Annual wind availability exceeds 6457 h across most regions, reaching up to 8283 h in optimal locations. WPD and capacity factor peak in winter (up to 2.4 × 108 Wh·m−2 and >50% capacity factor), with the most stable conditions occurring in the... (More)

Wind energy is an important form of clean energy, and its rational utilization represents a crucial solution for mitigating the energy crisis and global warming. In this study, wind energy potential and its long-term changes in the South China Sea (SCS) are evaluated using ERA5 100 m wind data from 1944 to 2023, validated against ASCAT observations. High wind speeds and high wind power density (WPD) are concentrated southwest of Taiwan and southeast of Vietnam. Annual wind availability exceeds 6457 h across most regions, reaching up to 8283 h in optimal locations. WPD and capacity factor peak in winter (up to 2.4 × 108 Wh·m−2 and >50% capacity factor), with the most stable conditions occurring in the southwestern Taiwan Strait, southeast of the Pearl River Delta, and the Beibu Gulf. Empirical orthogonal function analysis reveals that the first mode of winter WPD accounts for 65.7% of the total variance, with a statistically significant increasing trend since 1990. The interannual variation in wind energy resources in the SCS during winter is controlled by the combined effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific and the Arctic Barents Sea. Specifically, in the years with strong wind anomalies in the SCS, mega-La Niña-type SST patterns in the tropical Pacific trigger anomalous cyclonic circulation in the SCS and the eastern Philippine Sea, while warm anomalies in the Arctic Barents Sea surface drive a wave-like structure of “anticyclone–cyclone–anticyclone” from Siberia to South China. The coupling of the two systems jointly promotes the strengthening of the South China Sea monsoon, leading to increased wind speeds and elevated WPD in the northern SCS. These findings provide a scientific basis for wind farm siting and long-term operational planning in the region.

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author
; ; ; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
interannual variation, mega-La Niña, South China Sea, wind power density
in
Atmosphere
volume
17
issue
4
article number
425
publisher
MDPI AG
external identifiers
  • scopus:105036884779
ISSN
2073-4433
DOI
10.3390/atmos17040425
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
d19c167d-0d9e-4f79-82c4-7f6d4d4b473c
date added to LUP
2026-05-22 14:06:25
date last changed
2026-05-22 16:22:04
@article{d19c167d-0d9e-4f79-82c4-7f6d4d4b473c,
  abstract     = {{<p>Wind energy is an important form of clean energy, and its rational utilization represents a crucial solution for mitigating the energy crisis and global warming. In this study, wind energy potential and its long-term changes in the South China Sea (SCS) are evaluated using ERA5 100 m wind data from 1944 to 2023, validated against ASCAT observations. High wind speeds and high wind power density (WPD) are concentrated southwest of Taiwan and southeast of Vietnam. Annual wind availability exceeds 6457 h across most regions, reaching up to 8283 h in optimal locations. WPD and capacity factor peak in winter (up to 2.4 × 10<sup>8</sup> Wh·m<sup>−2</sup> and &gt;50% capacity factor), with the most stable conditions occurring in the southwestern Taiwan Strait, southeast of the Pearl River Delta, and the Beibu Gulf. Empirical orthogonal function analysis reveals that the first mode of winter WPD accounts for 65.7% of the total variance, with a statistically significant increasing trend since 1990. The interannual variation in wind energy resources in the SCS during winter is controlled by the combined effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific and the Arctic Barents Sea. Specifically, in the years with strong wind anomalies in the SCS, mega-La Niña-type SST patterns in the tropical Pacific trigger anomalous cyclonic circulation in the SCS and the eastern Philippine Sea, while warm anomalies in the Arctic Barents Sea surface drive a wave-like structure of “anticyclone–cyclone–anticyclone” from Siberia to South China. The coupling of the two systems jointly promotes the strengthening of the South China Sea monsoon, leading to increased wind speeds and elevated WPD in the northern SCS. These findings provide a scientific basis for wind farm siting and long-term operational planning in the region.</p>}},
  author       = {{Xu, Hai and Long, Jingchao and Lu, Zhengyao and Li, Wenji and Zhuang, Shuqi and Zhang, Shuqin and Xu, Jianjun}},
  issn         = {{2073-4433}},
  keywords     = {{interannual variation; mega-La Niña; South China Sea; wind power density}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{4}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  series       = {{Atmosphere}},
  title        = {{Assessment of Wind Energy Resources at 100 m in the South China Sea : Climatology and Interdecadal Variation}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos17040425}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/atmos17040425}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}