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Representation of 3D Land Cover Data in Semantic City Models

Olsson, Per-Ola LU ; Andersson, Axel ; Calvert, Matthew ; Loreman, Axel ; Lökholm, Erik ; Martinsson, Emma ; Pantazatou, Karolina LU orcid ; Svensson, Björn ; Spielhaupter, Alex and Uggla, Maria , et al. (2025) In ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 14(9).
Abstract
A large number of cities have created semantic 3D city models, but these models are rarely used as input data for simulations, such as noise and flooding, in the urban planning process. Reasons for this are that many simulations require detailed land cover (LC) and elevation data that are often not included in the 3D city models, and that there is no linkage between the elevation and land cover data. In this study, we design, implement and evaluate methods to handle LC and elevation data in a 3D city model. The LC data is stored in 2.5D or 3D in the CityGML modules Transportation, Vegetation, WaterBody, CityFurniture and LandUse, and a complete 3D LC partition is created by combining data from these modules. The entire workflow is... (More)
A large number of cities have created semantic 3D city models, but these models are rarely used as input data for simulations, such as noise and flooding, in the urban planning process. Reasons for this are that many simulations require detailed land cover (LC) and elevation data that are often not included in the 3D city models, and that there is no linkage between the elevation and land cover data. In this study, we design, implement and evaluate methods to handle LC and elevation data in a 3D city model. The LC data is stored in 2.5D or 3D in the CityGML modules Transportation, Vegetation, WaterBody, CityFurniture and LandUse, and a complete 3D LC partition is created by combining data from these modules. The entire workflow is demonstrated in the paper: creating 2D LC data, extending CityGML, creating 2.5D/3D data from the 2D LC data, dividing the LC data into CityGML modules, storing it in a database (3DCityDB) and finally visualizing the data in Unreal Engine. The study is part of the 3CIM project where a national profile of CityGML for Sweden is created as an Application Domain Extension (ADE), but the result is generally applicable for CityGML implementations. (Less)
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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
3D city model, CityGML, land cover data, elevation data, TIN
in
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
volume
14
issue
9
article number
328
publisher
MDPI AG
ISSN
2220-9964
DOI
10.3390/ijgi14090328
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
f527c836-b171-4ad5-ae00-e08c7585c36a
date added to LUP
2025-09-04 10:31:36
date last changed
2025-09-05 11:38:52
@article{f527c836-b171-4ad5-ae00-e08c7585c36a,
  abstract     = {{A large number of cities have created semantic 3D city models, but these models are rarely used as input data for simulations, such as noise and flooding, in the urban planning process. Reasons for this are that many simulations require detailed land cover (LC) and elevation data that are often not included in the 3D city models, and that there is no linkage between the elevation and land cover data. In this study, we design, implement and evaluate methods to handle LC and elevation data in a 3D city model. The LC data is stored in 2.5D or 3D in the CityGML modules Transportation, Vegetation, WaterBody, CityFurniture and LandUse, and a complete 3D LC partition is created by combining data from these modules. The entire workflow is demonstrated in the paper: creating 2D LC data, extending CityGML, creating 2.5D/3D data from the 2D LC data, dividing the LC data into CityGML modules, storing it in a database (3DCityDB) and finally visualizing the data in Unreal Engine. The study is part of the 3CIM project where a national profile of CityGML for Sweden is created as an Application Domain Extension (ADE), but the result is generally applicable for CityGML implementations.}},
  author       = {{Olsson, Per-Ola and Andersson, Axel and Calvert, Matthew and Loreman, Axel and Lökholm, Erik and Martinsson, Emma and Pantazatou, Karolina and Svensson, Björn and Spielhaupter, Alex and Uggla, Maria and Harrie, Lars}},
  issn         = {{2220-9964}},
  keywords     = {{3D city model; CityGML; land cover data; elevation data; TIN}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{08}},
  number       = {{9}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  series       = {{ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}},
  title        = {{Representation of 3D Land Cover Data in Semantic City Models}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090328}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/ijgi14090328}},
  volume       = {{14}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}