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Suicide and Mortality in Individuals with Gambling Disorder and Matched Case controls – A Swedish Nationwide Register Study

Karlsson, Anna LU orcid ; Balem, Marianne ; Hansson, Helena LU and Håkansson, Anders LU orcid (2025) In Journal of gambling studies 41(3). p.1041-1054
Abstract

This study aimed to investigate suicide and general mortality in individuals with gambling disorder and to evaluate the effect of gambling disorder on mortality and death from suicide. This is a Swedish nationwide case-control, register based study with a ratio of 1:2. Controls were matched on gender, age and municipality. Cases were defined as all adults with a diagnosis of gambling disorder in Swedish in-patient and/or specialized out-patient health care 2005–2019. The total population included 10,782 individuals. Multifactor Cox regression stratified for sex was used to analyze risk factors for suicide mortality and general mortality. Suicide mortality was higher amongst cases, with 41 (1.2%) individuals passing away due to suicide... (More)

This study aimed to investigate suicide and general mortality in individuals with gambling disorder and to evaluate the effect of gambling disorder on mortality and death from suicide. This is a Swedish nationwide case-control, register based study with a ratio of 1:2. Controls were matched on gender, age and municipality. Cases were defined as all adults with a diagnosis of gambling disorder in Swedish in-patient and/or specialized out-patient health care 2005–2019. The total population included 10,782 individuals. Multifactor Cox regression stratified for sex was used to analyze risk factors for suicide mortality and general mortality. Suicide mortality was higher amongst cases, with 41 (1.2%) individuals passing away due to suicide vs. 22 (0.3%) of the controls (p < 0.001). In the regression model, gambling disorder was not significantly associated with suicide mortality, which was associated with substance use disorder and low education in men and for women the model could not draw conclusions on predicting factors. Mortality was also elevated in cases; 94 of the deceased were controls (1.3%) and 132 were cases (3.8%, p < 0.001). In the regression model gambling disorder was not significantly associated with mortality, this was predicted by socioeconomic status, increasing age, low education level, somatic comorbidity, substance use disorder and previous intentional self-harm in men and for women by increasing age and somatic comorbidity. In conclusion, gambling disorder is associated with increased mortality and suicide death. Comorbid disorders and socioeconomic status appear to be important reasons for the increased mortality.

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author
; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Journal of gambling studies
volume
41
issue
3
pages
14 pages
publisher
Springer
external identifiers
  • scopus:105012227083
  • pmid:40728711
ISSN
1050-5350
DOI
10.1007/s10899-025-10415-w
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.
id
fd78b5a2-ca10-439a-9e48-5b127e1936ec
date added to LUP
2026-01-07 12:39:40
date last changed
2026-01-08 03:23:46
@article{fd78b5a2-ca10-439a-9e48-5b127e1936ec,
  abstract     = {{<p>This study aimed to investigate suicide and general mortality in individuals with gambling disorder and to evaluate the effect of gambling disorder on mortality and death from suicide. This is a Swedish nationwide case-control, register based study with a ratio of 1:2. Controls were matched on gender, age and municipality. Cases were defined as all adults with a diagnosis of gambling disorder in Swedish in-patient and/or specialized out-patient health care 2005–2019. The total population included 10,782 individuals. Multifactor Cox regression stratified for sex was used to analyze risk factors for suicide mortality and general mortality. Suicide mortality was higher amongst cases, with 41 (1.2%) individuals passing away due to suicide vs. 22 (0.3%) of the controls (p &lt; 0.001). In the regression model, gambling disorder was not significantly associated with suicide mortality, which was associated with substance use disorder and low education in men and for women the model could not draw conclusions on predicting factors. Mortality was also elevated in cases; 94 of the deceased were controls (1.3%) and 132 were cases (3.8%, p &lt; 0.001). In the regression model gambling disorder was not significantly associated with mortality, this was predicted by socioeconomic status, increasing age, low education level, somatic comorbidity, substance use disorder and previous intentional self-harm in men and for women by increasing age and somatic comorbidity. In conclusion, gambling disorder is associated with increased mortality and suicide death. Comorbid disorders and socioeconomic status appear to be important reasons for the increased mortality.</p>}},
  author       = {{Karlsson, Anna and Balem, Marianne and Hansson, Helena and Håkansson, Anders}},
  issn         = {{1050-5350}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{1041--1054}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  series       = {{Journal of gambling studies}},
  title        = {{Suicide and Mortality in Individuals with Gambling Disorder and Matched Case controls – A Swedish Nationwide Register Study}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10415-w}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s10899-025-10415-w}},
  volume       = {{41}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}