Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Ever-Expanding European sky? - The EU’s external competence in the field of aviation, law, and practice

Gustafsson, Hans LU (2026) JURM02 20261
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This thesis explores the aviation treaty-making of the EU through the lens of EU External Relations Law. The relationship between the doctrine of implied competence and the treaty-making system in aviation has scarcely been studied. Both phenomena have been described in EU External Relations Law and international public aviation law, respectively; this thesis bridges and explores the gap between these two sets of descriptions. This provides a comprehensive and valuable way to understand EU aviation treaty-making from an “in-Union” perspective, something lacking from the descriptions of the international public aviation lawyers.

Simultaneously, classic issues of implied competence are commented on throughout the essay to allow an... (More)
This thesis explores the aviation treaty-making of the EU through the lens of EU External Relations Law. The relationship between the doctrine of implied competence and the treaty-making system in aviation has scarcely been studied. Both phenomena have been described in EU External Relations Law and international public aviation law, respectively; this thesis bridges and explores the gap between these two sets of descriptions. This provides a comprehensive and valuable way to understand EU aviation treaty-making from an “in-Union” perspective, something lacking from the descriptions of the international public aviation lawyers.

Simultaneously, classic issues of implied competence are commented on throughout the essay to allow an analysis of the Advocate General’s (AG) Opinion in Opinion 1/24. Implying that the thesis also fits into the traditional discourse in EU External Relations Law.

Initially, EU External Relations Law is presented, with a particular focus on how to determine the nature of competence in cases of implied external competence. The process of treaty-making in the Union, the concept of mixity, and the principle of sincere cooperation are also discussed. Case-law is continuously analyzed critically. Thereafter, public international aviation law as it pertains to aviation treaty-making, in particular negotiations on traffic rights, is explained. Equally, a brief history of such treaty-making is laid down.

The analysis of the ‘Open Skies’ judgments leads to both an explanation of the Union’s External Aviation Policy, as well as serving as the main comparison point in the analysis of the AG Opinion in Opinion 1/24. The analysis of the latter allows testing the legal arguments laid out up to that point and allows a discussion of the potential implications of the Opinion for Union aviation treaty-making.

In relation to pure questions of implied external competence, I conclude that the Court ought to explain the application of the ‘necessity’ criterion in Article 3(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and that the current case-law reference seems inconsistent with its actual application. Regarding ERTA, I use the concepts of legal sources and their hierarchy to explain the principle’s application when there appears to be no conflict between the substantive rules of an international agreement and Union law. Furthermore, if the Court accepts the AG's proposal, or anything similar, in the pending Opinion 1/24, the central problem of delimiting the relevant areas to which the principle applies remains.

It is evident already that the Union has exclusive external competence in certain areas regulated by comprehensive air transport agreements, but only shared competence in others. This situation would persist if the Court accepts the AG’s reasoning in Opinion 1/24 or a similar one. This may lead one to believe it doesn’t matter much exactly which distribution the Court finds. However, I argue that because Regulation 847/2004 is founded on a fixed distribution of competence, any shift in that distribution, regardless of its exact nature, will render the Regulation in conflict with the Treaties. Such a shift would raise many new legal questions and require the legislator to act anew to allow Member States’ aviation treaty-making and to secure legal certainty.

Lastly, given the focus on inter-institutional litigation in EU External Relations Law, I seek to show the importance of the treaty-making system's political dimension and to explain how this political logic operates. In this respect, I conclude internally that the risk of Commission “power grabs” through the doctrine of implied competence is overstated. Externally, I also indicate that the current system combines the strength of cross-European unity with the flexibility of Member State negotiations. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Med grund i EU:s konstitutionella utrikesrätt (EU External Relations Law) utforskar den här uppsatsen EU:s traktatmakande på luftfartsområdet. Sambandet mellan doktrinen om implicit befogenhet och traktatmakandesystemet på luftfartsområdet har knappast studerats. Dessa båda fenomen har beskrivits i EU External Relations Law respektive i folkrätten på flygfartsområdet. Den här uppsatsen överbryggar och utforskar glappet mellan dessa beskrivningar. Därigenom uppnås ett värdefullt ”inifrån-Unionen”-helhetsperspektiv, avseende EU:s traktatmakande på luftfartsområdet, något som fattas i luftfartsfolkrättsjuristernas beskrivningar.

Parallellt kommenteras klassiska frågor gällande implicit befogenhet genomgående i uppsatsen, vilket utmynnar i... (More)
Med grund i EU:s konstitutionella utrikesrätt (EU External Relations Law) utforskar den här uppsatsen EU:s traktatmakande på luftfartsområdet. Sambandet mellan doktrinen om implicit befogenhet och traktatmakandesystemet på luftfartsområdet har knappast studerats. Dessa båda fenomen har beskrivits i EU External Relations Law respektive i folkrätten på flygfartsområdet. Den här uppsatsen överbryggar och utforskar glappet mellan dessa beskrivningar. Därigenom uppnås ett värdefullt ”inifrån-Unionen”-helhetsperspektiv, avseende EU:s traktatmakande på luftfartsområdet, något som fattas i luftfartsfolkrättsjuristernas beskrivningar.

Parallellt kommenteras klassiska frågor gällande implicit befogenhet genomgående i uppsatsen, vilket utmynnar i en analys av GA:s Yttrande i Yttrande 1/24. Det innebär också att uppsatsen tar plats i den traditionella debatten inom EU External Relations Law.

Initialt presenteras EU External Relations Law som område med ett särskilt fokus på metoden för att fastställa utrikesbefogenheters natur i fall av implicit utrikesbefogenhet. Vidare beskrivs processen för traktatmakande inom Unionen, konceptet ’mixity’ och principen om lojalt samarbete. Rättspraxis analyseras kritiskt kontinuerligt. Därefter förklaras luftfartsfolkrätten i den mån den avser luftfartstraktatsmakande, särskilt förhandlingar om trafikrättigheter. Vidare beskrivs kortfattat detta internationella systems historiska utveckling.

Analysen av de s.k. ’Open Skies’-avgörandena introducerar utläggningen om Unionens utrikesluftfartspolitik och fungerar som den huvudsakliga jämförelsepunkten under analysen av GA Yttrandet i Yttrande 1/24. Analysen av det senare möjliggör att pröva de rättsliga argumenten som dittills framlagts och att föra en diskussion om de potentiella följderna av Yttrandet för Unionens traktatmakande.

I relation till frågor enbart om implicit utrikesbefogenhet drar jag slutsatsen att Domstolen bör förklara tillämpningen av ’nödvändighets’ rekvisitet i Artikel 3(2) Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt och att den nuvarande hänvisningen till praxis inte verkar stötta den faktiska tillämpningen. Gällande ERTA använder jag koncepten rättskällor och deras hierarki för att förklara principens tillämpning när det framstår som att ingen konflikt föreligger mellan substantiella regler i ett internationellt avtal och gemensamhetsrätten. Vidare, om rätten i Yttrande 1/24 accepterar GA:s förslag, eller något liknande, kvarstår det avgörande problemet med att avgränsa relevanta områden för ERTA-principens tillämpning.

Det är redan uppenbart att Unionen har exklusiv utrikesbefogenhet på några av de områden som regleras av heltäckande luftfartsavtal, men enbart delad befogenhet på andra. Den situationen kommer att bestå om Domstolen accepterar GA:s resonemang i Yttrande 1/24 eller ett snarlikt sådant. Därmed kan man prima facie tro att det inte spelar någon större roll exakt vilken fördelning av kompetenser som domstolen finner. Det skulle vara ett misstag. Jag argumenterar dock för att Förordning 847/2004 bygger på en fix befogenhetsfördelning och att en förändring i befogenheternas fördelning, oavsett sitt exakta innehåll, skulle innebära att förordningen blir fördragsstridig. En sådan förändring kommer föranleda många nya juridiska frågeställningar samt kräva att lagstiftarna agerar ånyo för att säkerställa Medlemsstaternas möjlighet att fortsatt ingå luftfartstraktat och säkerställa juridisk förutsebarhet.

Avslutningsvis, givet det fokus på interinstitutionellt tvistande som finns i EU External Relations Law, försöker jag att visa vikten av systemet för traktatmakandes politiska dimension och skissera hur den politiska logiken fungerar. Jag drar därvid slutsatsen att risken för att Kommissionen söker att konsolidera makt hos sig genom doktrinen om implicita befogenheter är överdriven. Externt indikerar jag också att systemet kombinerar värdet av europeisk enighet med flexibiliteten som medlemsstatsförhandlingar ger. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustafsson, Hans LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20261
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU Law: aviation law: EU External Relations Law: Treaty-making: transport law: Open Skies: Implied competence: ERTA: Kramer: EU External Action: EU-rätt: flygrätt: traktaträtt: transporträtt.
language
English
id
9226611
date added to LUP
2026-06-04 11:36:14
date last changed
2026-06-04 11:36:14
@misc{9226611,
  abstract     = {{This thesis explores the aviation treaty-making of the EU through the lens of EU External Relations Law. The relationship between the doctrine of implied competence and the treaty-making system in aviation has scarcely been studied. Both phenomena have been described in EU External Relations Law and international public aviation law, respectively; this thesis bridges and explores the gap between these two sets of descriptions. This provides a comprehensive and valuable way to understand EU aviation treaty-making from an “in-Union” perspective, something lacking from the descriptions of the international public aviation lawyers.

Simultaneously, classic issues of implied competence are commented on throughout the essay to allow an analysis of the Advocate General’s (AG) Opinion in Opinion 1/24. Implying that the thesis also fits into the traditional discourse in EU External Relations Law.

Initially, EU External Relations Law is presented, with a particular focus on how to determine the nature of competence in cases of implied external competence. The process of treaty-making in the Union, the concept of mixity, and the principle of sincere cooperation are also discussed. Case-law is continuously analyzed critically. Thereafter, public international aviation law as it pertains to aviation treaty-making, in particular negotiations on traffic rights, is explained. Equally, a brief history of such treaty-making is laid down. 

The analysis of the ‘Open Skies’ judgments leads to both an explanation of the Union’s External Aviation Policy, as well as serving as the main comparison point in the analysis of the AG Opinion in Opinion 1/24. The analysis of the latter allows testing the legal arguments laid out up to that point and allows a discussion of the potential implications of the Opinion for Union aviation treaty-making.

In relation to pure questions of implied external competence, I conclude that the Court ought to explain the application of the ‘necessity’ criterion in Article 3(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and that the current case-law reference seems inconsistent with its actual application. Regarding ERTA, I use the concepts of legal sources and their hierarchy to explain the principle’s application when there appears to be no conflict between the substantive rules of an international agreement and Union law. Furthermore, if the Court accepts the AG's proposal, or anything similar, in the pending Opinion 1/24, the central problem of delimiting the relevant areas to which the principle applies remains.

It is evident already that the Union has exclusive external competence in certain areas regulated by comprehensive air transport agreements, but only shared competence in others. This situation would persist if the Court accepts the AG’s reasoning in Opinion 1/24 or a similar one. This may lead one to believe it doesn’t matter much exactly which distribution the Court finds. However, I argue that because Regulation 847/2004 is founded on a fixed distribution of competence, any shift in that distribution, regardless of its exact nature, will render the Regulation in conflict with the Treaties. Such a shift would raise many new legal questions and require the legislator to act anew to allow Member States’ aviation treaty-making and to secure legal certainty.

Lastly, given the focus on inter-institutional litigation in EU External Relations Law, I seek to show the importance of the treaty-making system's political dimension and to explain how this political logic operates. In this respect, I conclude internally that the risk of Commission “power grabs” through the doctrine of implied competence is overstated. Externally, I also indicate that the current system combines the strength of cross-European unity with the flexibility of Member State negotiations.}},
  author       = {{Gustafsson, Hans}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ever-Expanding European sky? - The EU’s external competence in the field of aviation, law, and practice}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}