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Straffrätten mot oskuldsnormen – En WPR- studie och utvärdering beträffande kriminaliseringen av oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg och oskuldsingrepp utifrån principerna om ultima ratio, effektivitet och skyddsintresse

Karlsson, Melina LU (2026) JURM02 20261
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den 1 december 2025 trädde nya straffbestämmelser i kraft i svensk rätt som kriminaliserar oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg och oskuldsingrepp. Reformen har motiverats som ett led i arbetet mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck som syftar till att stärka skyddet för kvinnor i hedersbaserade kontexter. Samtidigt väcker kriminaliseringen grundläggande frågor om straffrättens funktion och gränser vid reglering av hedersnormer, särskilt från ett feministiskt perspektiv med fokus på flexibilitet.

Denna uppsats analyserar hur dessa handlingar har konstruerats som ett straffrättsligt problem i lagstiftningsprocessen och undersöker om kriminaliseringen är förenlig med centrala kriminaliseringsprinciper. Analysen genomförs i två steg, där... (More)
Den 1 december 2025 trädde nya straffbestämmelser i kraft i svensk rätt som kriminaliserar oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg och oskuldsingrepp. Reformen har motiverats som ett led i arbetet mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck som syftar till att stärka skyddet för kvinnor i hedersbaserade kontexter. Samtidigt väcker kriminaliseringen grundläggande frågor om straffrättens funktion och gränser vid reglering av hedersnormer, särskilt från ett feministiskt perspektiv med fokus på flexibilitet.

Denna uppsats analyserar hur dessa handlingar har konstruerats som ett straffrättsligt problem i lagstiftningsprocessen och undersöker om kriminaliseringen är förenlig med centrala kriminaliseringsprinciper. Analysen genomförs i två steg, där WPR-analysen utgör utgångspunkt för den efterföljande prövningen. Först tillämpas Bacchi och Goodwins WPR-metod på proposition 2024/25:189 för att synliggöra problemrepresentationerna och alternativa problematiseringar som ges begränsat utrymme. I ljuset av detta prövas därefter reformen mot principerna om ultima ratio, effektivitet, skyddsintresse och motstående intresse.

WPR-analysen visar delvis att reformen bygger på en problemrepresentation om kränkningar av kvinnans autonomi samt en lucka i tidigare lagstiftning. Samtidigt synliggör analysen att denna framställning vilar på underliggande antaganden om statens ansvar att skydda kvinnors kroppsliga integritet och om straffrätten som ett effektivt styrmedel för den civila ordningen. Därigenom marginaliseras alternativa perspektiv, såsom synen på kvinnor som aktörer med möjliga bakomliggande skäl att begära dessa handlingar samt betydelsen av utbildningsinsatser. Problemet framstår som format av rättsfall, internationella åtaganden, jämställdhetspolitiska mål och en expansiv straffrättspolitik, samtidigt som problemrepresentationen inte är given utan förblir möjlig att förändra.

Mot denna bakgrund visar genomgången av principerna att kriminaliseringen inte uppfyller etablerade krav. Det är inte visat att straffrätten har använts som en sista utväg i enlighet med ultima ratio-principen, särskilt med beaktande av alternativa åtgärder. Inte heller har det fastställts att bestämmelserna ger sådana preventiva effektivitetsvinster att en särskild kriminalisering kan motiveras i förhållande till befintlig rätt. Vidare är det tveksamt om det angivna skyddsintresset är det mest närliggande i alla situationer som omfattas av regleringen. Samtidigt föreligger en tydlig konflikt med ett motstående intresse: i yttersta fall kvinnans liv i hederskontexter där vissa handlingar kan vara ett sätt att undvika mer allvarligt våld. Kriminaliseringens legitimitet framstår därmed som otillräckligt motiverad i ljuset av kraven för när straffrätt bör användas. (Less)
Abstract
On 1 December 2025, new criminal provisions came into force in Swedish law criminalizing virginity tests, virginity certificates, and virginity procedures. The reform has been justified as part of the efforts against honour-related violence and oppression that aim to strengthen the protection of women in honour-based contexts. At the same time, the criminalization raises fundamental questions about the function and limits of criminal law in regulating honour norms, particularly from a feminist perspective focusing on flexibility.

This thesis analyses how these acts have been constructed as a criminal law problem in the legislative process and examines whether the criminalization is compatible with central criminalization principles.... (More)
On 1 December 2025, new criminal provisions came into force in Swedish law criminalizing virginity tests, virginity certificates, and virginity procedures. The reform has been justified as part of the efforts against honour-related violence and oppression that aim to strengthen the protection of women in honour-based contexts. At the same time, the criminalization raises fundamental questions about the function and limits of criminal law in regulating honour norms, particularly from a feminist perspective focusing on flexibility.

This thesis analyses how these acts have been constructed as a criminal law problem in the legislative process and examines whether the criminalization is compatible with central criminalization principles. The analysis is conducted in two steps, where the WPR analysis constitutes the starting point for the subsequent review. First, Bacchi and Goodwin’s WPR method is applied to Government Bill 2024/25:189 to highlight the problem representations and alternative problematizations that are given limited space. In the light of this, the reform is then assessed against the principles of ultima ratio, effectiveness, protective interest, and countervailing interest.

The WPR analysis shows partly that the reform is based on a problem representation about violations of women’s autonomy and a gap in previous legislation. At the same time, the analysis highlights that this production rests on underlying assumptions about the state’s responsibility to protect women’s bodily integrity and about criminal law as an effective regulatory tool for the civil order. Thereby, alternative perspectives are marginalized, such as the view on women as agents with possible underlying reasons for requesting these acts, as well as the importance of educational initiatives. The problem appears shaped by court cases, international commitments, gender equality goals, and an expansive criminal policy, while at the same time the problem representation is not given but remains possible to change.

Against this background, the review of principles shows that the criminalization does not meet established requirements. It has not been demonstrated that criminal law has been used as a last resort in accordance with the principle of ultima ratio, particularly considering alternative measures. Nor has it been established that the provisions provide such preventive efficiency benefits that a specific criminalization can be justified in relation to existing law. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the stated protective interest is the most immediate in all situations covered by the regulation. At the same time, there exists a clear conflict with a countervailing interest: in extreme cases, the woman’s life in honour-related contexts where certain actions may be a way to avoid more serious violence. The legitimacy of the criminalization thus appears to be insufficiently motivated in the light of the requirements for when criminal law should be used. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Karlsson, Melina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Criminal Law Against the Virginity Norm – A WPR Study and Evaluation regarding the Criminalization of Virginity Tests, Virginity Certificates, and Virginity Procedures based on the principles of Ultima Ratio, Effectiveness, and Protective Interest
course
JURM02 20261
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg, oskuldsingrepp, heder, kriminalisering, ultima ratio, effektivitet, skyddsintresse, motstående intresse, WPR
language
Swedish
id
9226616
date added to LUP
2026-06-04 11:35:56
date last changed
2026-06-04 11:35:56
@misc{9226616,
  abstract     = {{On 1 December 2025, new criminal provisions came into force in Swedish law criminalizing virginity tests, virginity certificates, and virginity procedures. The reform has been justified as part of the efforts against honour-related violence and oppression that aim to strengthen the protection of women in honour-based contexts. At the same time, the criminalization raises fundamental questions about the function and limits of criminal law in regulating honour norms, particularly from a feminist perspective focusing on flexibility. 

This thesis analyses how these acts have been constructed as a criminal law problem in the legislative process and examines whether the criminalization is compatible with central criminalization principles. The analysis is conducted in two steps, where the WPR analysis constitutes the starting point for the subsequent review. First, Bacchi and Goodwin’s WPR method is applied to Government Bill 2024/25:189 to highlight the problem representations and alternative problematizations that are given limited space. In the light of this, the reform is then assessed against the principles of ultima ratio, effectiveness, protective interest, and countervailing interest. 

The WPR analysis shows partly that the reform is based on a problem representation about violations of women’s autonomy and a gap in previous legislation. At the same time, the analysis highlights that this production rests on underlying assumptions about the state’s responsibility to protect women’s bodily integrity and about criminal law as an effective regulatory tool for the civil order. Thereby, alternative perspectives are marginalized, such as the view on women as agents with possible underlying reasons for requesting these acts, as well as the importance of educational initiatives. The problem appears shaped by court cases, international commitments, gender equality goals, and an expansive criminal policy, while at the same time the problem representation is not given but remains possible to change. 

Against this background, the review of principles shows that the criminalization does not meet established requirements. It has not been demonstrated that criminal law has been used as a last resort in accordance with the principle of ultima ratio, particularly considering alternative measures. Nor has it been established that the provisions provide such preventive efficiency benefits that a specific criminalization can be justified in relation to existing law. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the stated protective interest is the most immediate in all situations covered by the regulation. At the same time, there exists a clear conflict with a countervailing interest: in extreme cases, the woman’s life in honour-related contexts where certain actions may be a way to avoid more serious violence. The legitimacy of the criminalization thus appears to be insufficiently motivated in the light of the requirements for when criminal law should be used.}},
  author       = {{Karlsson, Melina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Straffrätten mot oskuldsnormen – En WPR- studie och utvärdering beträffande kriminaliseringen av oskuldskontroller, oskuldsintyg och oskuldsingrepp utifrån principerna om ultima ratio, effektivitet och skyddsintresse}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}