Digital rekrytering av barn och unga till kriminalitet – En kritisk analys av effektiviteten hos 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken
(2026) JURM02 20261Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Barn och unga involveras i allt större utsträckning i grov brottslighet med koppling till kriminella nätverk. För att motverka att underåriga rekryteras till kriminalitet infördes straffbestämmelsen i 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken om involverande av en underårig i brottslighet. Bestämmelsen speglar det allmännas intresse av att förhindra att barn och unga dras in i kriminalitet och kriminaliserar handlingar som bidrar till sådan involvering. Samtidigt har det uppmärksammats hur rekrytering i allt större utsträckning sker genom digitala miljöer. Via bland annat sociala medier kan unga snabbt rekryteras till kriminella nätverk och olika brottsuppdrag.
Uppsatsen syftar till att kritiskt analysera i vilken utsträckning 16 kap. 5 a §... (More) - Barn och unga involveras i allt större utsträckning i grov brottslighet med koppling till kriminella nätverk. För att motverka att underåriga rekryteras till kriminalitet infördes straffbestämmelsen i 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken om involverande av en underårig i brottslighet. Bestämmelsen speglar det allmännas intresse av att förhindra att barn och unga dras in i kriminalitet och kriminaliserar handlingar som bidrar till sådan involvering. Samtidigt har det uppmärksammats hur rekrytering i allt större utsträckning sker genom digitala miljöer. Via bland annat sociala medier kan unga snabbt rekryteras till kriminella nätverk och olika brottsuppdrag.
Uppsatsen syftar till att kritiskt analysera i vilken utsträckning 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken utgör en effektiv straffbestämmelse för att motverka digital rekrytering av barn och unga till brottslighet. Analysen tar sin utgångspunkt i teorierna om allmänprevention och individualprevention samt i ett effektivitetsperspektiv där lagstiftningens effektivitet delas upp i normativa och verkställande aspekter. Uppsatsen bygger på en kritisk rättsdogmatisk metod och grundas främst på förarbeten, underrättsavgöranden, juridisk litteratur samt forskning om digital rekrytering, cyberbanging och violence as a service.
Analysen visar att bestämmelsen i 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken är relativt brett utformad och omfattar såväl indirekt rekrytering som situationer där barn och unga själva söker sig till brottslighet. Underrättspraxis visar även att bestämmelsen kan tillämpas vid rekrytering genom sociala medier och krypterade kommunikationsplattformar, vilket innebär att digital rekrytering kan omfattas av straffansvar. Trots detta framstår bestämmelsens praktiska genomslag, och därmed dess verkställande effektivitet, begränsat. Bevissvårigheter kopplade till anonymitet och fragmenterade kommunikationskedjor försvårar särskilt lagföring av aktörer högre upp i de kriminella strukturerna. Även den normativa effektiviteten är begränsad. Bestämmelsen aktualiseras i ett senare skede av den digitala rekryteringsprocessen, medan indirekt påverkan genom exponering för kriminella livsstilar i digitala miljöer i stor utsträckning faller utanför dess tillämpningsområde. Straffhotets beteendepåverkande funktion försvagas dessutom av att upptäcktsrisken i digitala miljöer ofta är låg, vilket begränsar dess avskräckande funktion.
Den samlade slutsatsen är att 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken endast i begränsad utsträckning framstår som ett effektivt straffrättsligt medel för att motverka digital rekrytering av barn och unga till kriminalitet. För att uppnå en mer effektiv och långsiktigt hållbar prevention krävs därför kompletterande åtgärder där straffrättsliga verktyg kombineras med socialpreventiva och plattformsrelaterade insatser riktade mot de bakomliggande riskfaktorer som möjliggör rekrytering i digitala miljöer. (Less) - Abstract
- The involvement of children and young people in serious crime linked to criminal networks has increased significantly. To prevent minors from being recruited into criminal activity, Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code concerning the involvement of a minor in criminality was introduced. The provision reflects the public interest in preventing children and young people from being drawn into criminal activities and criminalises conduct contributing to such involvement. At the same time, it has become increasingly evident that recruitment is taking place through digital environments. Through social media and other digital platforms, young people can rapidly be recruited into criminal networks and various criminal assignments.
... (More) - The involvement of children and young people in serious crime linked to criminal networks has increased significantly. To prevent minors from being recruited into criminal activity, Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code concerning the involvement of a minor in criminality was introduced. The provision reflects the public interest in preventing children and young people from being drawn into criminal activities and criminalises conduct contributing to such involvement. At the same time, it has become increasingly evident that recruitment is taking place through digital environments. Through social media and other digital platforms, young people can rapidly be recruited into criminal networks and various criminal assignments.
This thesis critically analyses the extent to which Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code constitutes an effective criminal law provision against digital recruitment of children and young people into criminality. The analysis is based on theories of general and individual prevention, as well as an effectiveness perspective dividing legislative effectiveness into normative and enforcement-related aspects. The thesis applies a critical legal dogmatic method and is primarily based on preparatory works, case law, legal doctrine, and research on digital recruitment, cyberbanging and violence as a service.
The analysis demonstrates that the provision in Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code is relatively broad in scope and encompasses both indirect recruitment and situations where children and young people themselves seek involvement in criminality. Lower court practice also shows that the provision may be applied to recruitment through social media and encrypted communication platforms, meaning that digital recruitment may fall within the scope of criminal liability. Despite this, the provision’s practical impact,
and thereby its enforcement effectiveness, appears limited. Evidentiary difficulties related to anonymity and fragmented communication chains particularly hinder the prosecution of actors higher up in criminal structures. The normative effectiveness of the provision is also limited. The provision becomes applicable only at a later stage of the digital recruitment process, while indirect influence through exposure to criminal lifestyles in digital environments largely falls outside its scope. Furthermore, the behaviour-influencing
function of criminal sanctions is weakened by the often low risk of detection in digital environments, limiting its deterrent effect.
The overall conclusion is that Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code constitutes an effective criminal law measure against the digital recruitment of children and young people into criminality only to a limited extent. To achieve more effective and sustainable prevention, complementary measures are therefore required in which criminal law instruments are combined with social preventive and platform-related measures addressing the underlying risk factors that enable recruitment in digital environments. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9227253
- author
- Elezi, Dritan LU
- supervisor
-
- Karol Nowak LU
- organization
- alternative title
- Digital Recruitment of Children and Young People into Crime – A Critical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code
- course
- JURM02 20261
- year
- 2026
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Straffrätt, rekrytering, digital rekrytering, 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken, effektivitet, allmänprevention, individualprevention, violence as a service
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9227253
- date added to LUP
- 2026-06-08 08:53:58
- date last changed
- 2026-06-08 08:53:58
@misc{9227253,
abstract = {{The involvement of children and young people in serious crime linked to criminal networks has increased significantly. To prevent minors from being recruited into criminal activity, Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code concerning the involvement of a minor in criminality was introduced. The provision reflects the public interest in preventing children and young people from being drawn into criminal activities and criminalises conduct contributing to such involvement. At the same time, it has become increasingly evident that recruitment is taking place through digital environments. Through social media and other digital platforms, young people can rapidly be recruited into criminal networks and various criminal assignments.
This thesis critically analyses the extent to which Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code constitutes an effective criminal law provision against digital recruitment of children and young people into criminality. The analysis is based on theories of general and individual prevention, as well as an effectiveness perspective dividing legislative effectiveness into normative and enforcement-related aspects. The thesis applies a critical legal dogmatic method and is primarily based on preparatory works, case law, legal doctrine, and research on digital recruitment, cyberbanging and violence as a service.
The analysis demonstrates that the provision in Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code is relatively broad in scope and encompasses both indirect recruitment and situations where children and young people themselves seek involvement in criminality. Lower court practice also shows that the provision may be applied to recruitment through social media and encrypted communication platforms, meaning that digital recruitment may fall within the scope of criminal liability. Despite this, the provision’s practical impact,
and thereby its enforcement effectiveness, appears limited. Evidentiary difficulties related to anonymity and fragmented communication chains particularly hinder the prosecution of actors higher up in criminal structures. The normative effectiveness of the provision is also limited. The provision becomes applicable only at a later stage of the digital recruitment process, while indirect influence through exposure to criminal lifestyles in digital environments largely falls outside its scope. Furthermore, the behaviour-influencing
function of criminal sanctions is weakened by the often low risk of detection in digital environments, limiting its deterrent effect.
The overall conclusion is that Chapter 16, Section 5a of the Swedish Penal Code constitutes an effective criminal law measure against the digital recruitment of children and young people into criminality only to a limited extent. To achieve more effective and sustainable prevention, complementary measures are therefore required in which criminal law instruments are combined with social preventive and platform-related measures addressing the underlying risk factors that enable recruitment in digital environments.}},
author = {{Elezi, Dritan}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Digital rekrytering av barn och unga till kriminalitet – En kritisk analys av effektiviteten hos 16 kap. 5 a § brottsbalken}},
year = {{2026}},
}