The environmental defender and the EU – possibilities for protection in the exercise of civil disobedience
(2026) JURM02 20261Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- This graduate thesis aims to examine possible avenues for protection for environmental defenders exercising civil disobedience within the EU legal framework. The aim is based on and inspired by the Guidelines on Peaceful Environmental Protest and Civil Disobedience published in 2025 by the Special Rapporteur on Environmental Defenders under the Aarhus Convention.
Further, the graduate thesis builds on several international legal instruments to examine the protection of civil disobedience as an action within international human rights law and its effect on the European Union’s legal system. The legal doctrinal method is used to establish the content and scope of central terms such as ‘civil disobedience’ and ‘environmental defender’, as... (More) - This graduate thesis aims to examine possible avenues for protection for environmental defenders exercising civil disobedience within the EU legal framework. The aim is based on and inspired by the Guidelines on Peaceful Environmental Protest and Civil Disobedience published in 2025 by the Special Rapporteur on Environmental Defenders under the Aarhus Convention.
Further, the graduate thesis builds on several international legal instruments to examine the protection of civil disobedience as an action within international human rights law and its effect on the European Union’s legal system. The legal doctrinal method is used to establish the content and scope of central terms such as ‘civil disobedience’ and ‘environmental defender’, as well as accounting for relevant provisions and functions of EU law. The legal analytical method is then used to explore possible avenues for protection for an environmental defender in the EU exercising civil disobedience. The graduate thesis explores these aspects from the perspective of the environmental defender. The graduate thesis is divided into four main parts; the initial part determines who can be classified as an environmental defender, the second part identifies how civil disobedience relates to the scope of different international instruments, the third part accounts for the Aarhus Convention and its art. 3(8). Lastly, the fifth section accounts for the EU legal landscape. These sections are then followed by an analysis and conclusion.
The graduate thesis concludes that although the scope for classifying as an environmental defender is similar within the EU and under the Aarhus Convention, the application may be narrower. As a result, classifying for protec-
tion within the EU may be easier, but the protection enjoyed may be slightly less extensive. Regarding civil disobedience, the graduate thesis concludes that it may fulfil the prerequisites of the freedom of assembly prerequisites in different international agreements, hence also qualifying for protection. As for the possibility of protection within the EU legal system, the CJEU plays a vital role. Furthermore, as the CJEU has yet to decide on the direct applicability of art. 3(8) of the Aarhus Convention and, in part, take a stance towards the HRC’s statements the EU finds itself at a crossroads where protection through EU enforcement mechanisms is entirely possible but perhaps unlikely. At such a crossroads, the ECtHR plays a vital role. Civil disobedience may very well fall within the scope of the ECHR, in which the EU would be obligated to ensure an equivalent protection. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur miljöförsvarare kan skyddas inom EUrätten i utövandet av civil olydnad. Syftet baseras till stor del på- och inspireras av Guidelines on Peaceful Environmental Protest and Civil Disobedience
som Specialrapportören för miljöförsvarare under Århuskonventionens nyligen har publicerat. Vidare bygger uppsatsen på ett antal internationella konventioner för att undersöka om civil olydnad omfattas av folkrätten och hur
detta påverkar det EU-rättsliga systemet.
Den rättsdogmatiska metoden används för att etablera omfattning och kriterier för centrala begrepp såsom ’miljöförsvarare’ och ’civil olydnad’ samt för
att redogöra för relevanta lagrum och processer vad gäller EU-rätten. Den
rättsanalytiska... (More) - Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur miljöförsvarare kan skyddas inom EUrätten i utövandet av civil olydnad. Syftet baseras till stor del på- och inspireras av Guidelines on Peaceful Environmental Protest and Civil Disobedience
som Specialrapportören för miljöförsvarare under Århuskonventionens nyligen har publicerat. Vidare bygger uppsatsen på ett antal internationella konventioner för att undersöka om civil olydnad omfattas av folkrätten och hur
detta påverkar det EU-rättsliga systemet.
Den rättsdogmatiska metoden används för att etablera omfattning och kriterier för centrala begrepp såsom ’miljöförsvarare’ och ’civil olydnad’ samt för
att redogöra för relevanta lagrum och processer vad gäller EU-rätten. Den
rättsanalytiska metoden används sedan för att undersöka möjliga vägar för
miljöförsvarare som utövar civil olydnad att skyddas genom det EU-rättsliga
systemet. Samtliga aspekter undersöks med utgångspunkt i miljöförsvararen.
Denna uppsats är disponerad i fyra huvudsakliga delar; först granskas kraven
för att klassas som miljöförsvarare, därefter undersöks rekvisit för civil olydnad och hur konceptet relaterar till olika internationella instrument, en tredje
del granskar Århuskonventionen och dess artikel 3(8). Den fjärde delen redogör för relevant EU-rätt och processer, varpå den sista delen granskar dessa
aspekter i relation till varandra för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar.
Dessa fyra delar följs sedan av en analys och en slutsats.
Uppsatsen kommer fram till att klassificeringen som miljöförsvarare enligt
EU-rätten och Århuskonventionen är något mer liberal medan tillämpligheten
inom EU möjligtvis är något mer begränsad. Med andra ord är det lättare att
nå upp till tröskeln för skydd inom EU, men skyddet är sedan något begränsat.
Vad gäller civil olydnad konkluderar uppsatsen att konceptet mycket väl kan
rymmas inom de olika internationella konventioner som undersöks, vilket innebär att det kan skyddas av mötesfriheten i dessa ramverk. När det gäller
möjligheten att skyddas av det EU-rättsliga ramverket spelar EU-domstolen
en avgörande roll. Eftersom domstolen ännu inte har funnit att art. 3(8) Århuskonventionen har direkt effekt, eller tagit ställning till Kommissionen för
Mänskliga Rättigheters uttalanden, befinner sig EU vid ett vägskäl vad gäller
civil olydnad där möjligheten till skydd är fullt möjlig om än osannolik. I ett
sådant scenario spelar Europadomstolen en avgörande roll. Det finns möjlighet för civil olydnad att omfattas av Europakonventionen och EU måste i ett
sådant scenario garantera likvärdigt skydd. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9227407
- author
- Kvernebo Sunnergren, Ebba Ottilia LU
- supervisor
-
- Amanda Kron LU
- organization
- course
- JURM02 20261
- year
- 2026
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- EU law, public international law, environmental law, civil disobedience, Aarhus Convention
- language
- English
- id
- 9227407
- date added to LUP
- 2026-06-08 14:45:03
- date last changed
- 2026-06-08 14:45:03
@misc{9227407,
abstract = {{This graduate thesis aims to examine possible avenues for protection for environmental defenders exercising civil disobedience within the EU legal framework. The aim is based on and inspired by the Guidelines on Peaceful Environmental Protest and Civil Disobedience published in 2025 by the Special Rapporteur on Environmental Defenders under the Aarhus Convention.
Further, the graduate thesis builds on several international legal instruments to examine the protection of civil disobedience as an action within international human rights law and its effect on the European Union’s legal system. The legal doctrinal method is used to establish the content and scope of central terms such as ‘civil disobedience’ and ‘environmental defender’, as well as accounting for relevant provisions and functions of EU law. The legal analytical method is then used to explore possible avenues for protection for an environmental defender in the EU exercising civil disobedience. The graduate thesis explores these aspects from the perspective of the environmental defender. The graduate thesis is divided into four main parts; the initial part determines who can be classified as an environmental defender, the second part identifies how civil disobedience relates to the scope of different international instruments, the third part accounts for the Aarhus Convention and its art. 3(8). Lastly, the fifth section accounts for the EU legal landscape. These sections are then followed by an analysis and conclusion.
The graduate thesis concludes that although the scope for classifying as an environmental defender is similar within the EU and under the Aarhus Convention, the application may be narrower. As a result, classifying for protec-
tion within the EU may be easier, but the protection enjoyed may be slightly less extensive. Regarding civil disobedience, the graduate thesis concludes that it may fulfil the prerequisites of the freedom of assembly prerequisites in different international agreements, hence also qualifying for protection. As for the possibility of protection within the EU legal system, the CJEU plays a vital role. Furthermore, as the CJEU has yet to decide on the direct applicability of art. 3(8) of the Aarhus Convention and, in part, take a stance towards the HRC’s statements the EU finds itself at a crossroads where protection through EU enforcement mechanisms is entirely possible but perhaps unlikely. At such a crossroads, the ECtHR plays a vital role. Civil disobedience may very well fall within the scope of the ECHR, in which the EU would be obligated to ensure an equivalent protection.}},
author = {{Kvernebo Sunnergren, Ebba Ottilia}},
language = {{eng}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{The environmental defender and the EU – possibilities for protection in the exercise of civil disobedience}},
year = {{2026}},
}