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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Jura Novit Arbiter? -En studie av parternas kontroll över rättstillämpningen i skiljeförfaranden

Hallin Veres, Kristoffer LU (2011) JURM01 20111
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Skiljeförfaranden har en privilegierad ställning i förhållande till andra privata tvistlösningsmetoder, bland annat därigenom att skiljeavtal kan åberopas som rättegångshinder i ordinära rättegångar och att skiljedomar äger rättskraft på samma sätt som vanliga domar. I utbyte mot denna position har lagstiftaren ansett sig nödgad att inskränka partsautonomin i förfarandet, bland annat genom att ställa krav på att en grundläggande rättssäkerhetsnivå ska garanteras av skiljemännen. Kravet på rättssäkerhet upprätthålls ytterst genom parternas möjlighet att föra talan om upphävande av skiljedom. Bland annat är utgångspunkten att prövningens ramar på samma sätt som i allmänna domstolar ska bestämmas av vad parterna yrkat och åberopat. En... (More)
Skiljeförfaranden har en privilegierad ställning i förhållande till andra privata tvistlösningsmetoder, bland annat därigenom att skiljeavtal kan åberopas som rättegångshinder i ordinära rättegångar och att skiljedomar äger rättskraft på samma sätt som vanliga domar. I utbyte mot denna position har lagstiftaren ansett sig nödgad att inskränka partsautonomin i förfarandet, bland annat genom att ställa krav på att en grundläggande rättssäkerhetsnivå ska garanteras av skiljemännen. Kravet på rättssäkerhet upprätthålls ytterst genom parternas möjlighet att föra talan om upphävande av skiljedom. Bland annat är utgångspunkten att prövningens ramar på samma sätt som i allmänna domstolar ska bestämmas av vad parterna yrkat och åberopat. En skiljedom kan upphävas efter talan om klander ifall den utdömda rättsföljden går utöver parternas yrkanden respektive medgivanden eller om avgörandet har grundats på icke åberopade rättsfakta. I denna uppsats undersöks särskilt hur långt parternas kontroll över rättstillämpningen sträcker sig i skiljeförfaranden jämfört med i ordinära rättegångar.

I ordinära rättegångar tillämpas principen jura novit curia, vilket innebär att de allmänna domstolarna som utgångspunkt är helt obundna av partsanvisningar med sikte på rättstillämpningen. Tvärtom har domstolarna en plikt att känna till vad lagen stadgar, och de anses som utgångspunkt ha en skyldighet att döma utifrån gällande rätt, oaktat parternas synpunkter. Detta rättstillämpningsmonopol motiveras framförallt av hänsyn till parternas rättssäkerhet, men också utifrån ett antal allmänna intressen. Exempelvis antas att de allmänna domstolarna i alla typer av mål har en handlingsdirigerande funktion. För att undvika överraskande domar äger parterna viss rätt att ta del av och yttra sig över de rättsregler som kommer att tillämpas.

I denna uppsats dras slutsatsen att principen jura novit curia som utgångspunkt ska upprätthållas också i skiljeförfaranden. In dubio står det således skiljemännen fritt att använda sig av rättssatser som inte har åberopats av endera parten, och det ankommer inte i första hand på parterna att förebringa bevisning om innehållet i gällande rätt. I internationella skiljeförfaranden är viss försiktighet påkallad, emedan vissa rättssystem fordrar att parterna har åberopats en rättsregel för att denna ska få tillämpas. En skiljedom kan dock inte i något fall upphävas därför att skiljemännen har gått utöver parternas ensidiga åberopanden i detta avseende. Tvärtemot vad som gäller i ordinära rättegångar, har parterna däremot möjlighet att genom överenskommelser kontrollera ramarna för skiljemännens bedömning av tvisten. De kan exempelvis begränsa prövningen till ett visst lagrum, bestämma hur en viss regel ska tolkas eller fastslå att tvisten ska prövas utifrån billighet. Också i skiljeförfaranden anses parterna äga viss rätt att ta del av och yttra sig över tillämpliga rättsregler. Det är dock oklart huruvida brister i detta avseende kan medföra upphävande av en skiljedom. (Less)
Abstract
Arbitration enjoys a privileged legal position compared to other methods of private dispute resolution. For example, an arbitration agreement can be invoked as a hindrance for ordinary court proceedings, and arbitral awards have the same legal force as judgments rendered by courts. In exchange for these privileges, the legislator has found it necessary to restrict the party autonomy in general. The arbitral tribunal therefore owns a duty to uphold a basic level of procedural rights throughout the proceedings. Ultimately, these rights are guaranteed through a possibility of setting aside arbitral awards that conflict with certain due process safeguards. For example, an arbitral award can be set aside when the tribunal has rendered an award... (More)
Arbitration enjoys a privileged legal position compared to other methods of private dispute resolution. For example, an arbitration agreement can be invoked as a hindrance for ordinary court proceedings, and arbitral awards have the same legal force as judgments rendered by courts. In exchange for these privileges, the legislator has found it necessary to restrict the party autonomy in general. The arbitral tribunal therefore owns a duty to uphold a basic level of procedural rights throughout the proceedings. Ultimately, these rights are guaranteed through a possibility of setting aside arbitral awards that conflict with certain due process safeguards. For example, an arbitral award can be set aside when the tribunal has rendered an award that goes beyond the parties’ factual pleadings or that imposes legal consequences, which have not been claimed by any of the parties. This thesis specifically deals with the possibility to control the arbitrators’ use of law.

In all proceedings before a court, the principle of jura novit curia is to be applied. This means that judges are not bound by legal facts, which have been invoked by the parties. On the contrary, they have a duty to apply the law on all facts that have been proven. Also, the judges traditionally have an obligation to apply the law, no matter which legal pleadings the parties have made. This order is motivated by protection of weaker parties and by consideration for legal principles such as the rule of law. In order to avoid surprising adjudication, the parties also have a limited right to comment on legal facts that are to be applied.

This thesis concludes that, as a starting point, the principle of jura novit curia is to be upheld in arbitration procedures as well. The arbitrator thus enjoys a right to use legal facts that have not been invoked by either of the parties. Also, evidence aiming to prove the content of law is not a duty of the parties. Some caution may be relevant in international arbitration proceedings, as foreign legal systems often require the parties to invoke legal facts, although an arbitral award can never be set aside due to the use of a legal fact that has not been invoked by the parties. On the contrary to the traditional use of the jura novit curia-principle, the parties may however construct a framework for the use of law through agreements. For example, they may state that a specific rule is to be applied on the submitted facts, that a rule is to be interpreted in a certain way or that the dispute is to be judged by what the arbitrator favors as equitable. As in proceedings before an ordinary court, the parties also own a limited right to comment on legal facts that are to be applied. However, it seem to be unclear if shortcomings in this regard may result in the setting aside of an award. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hallin Veres, Kristoffer LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Jura Novit Arbiter? -An overview of the use of law in arbitration proceedings
course
JURM01 20111
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
processrätt, skiljemannarätt, jura novit curia, ADR, rättstillämpning, privat tvistlösning, skiljeförfarande, skiljeklausul, skiljedom
language
Swedish
id
2223262
date added to LUP
2011-12-27 10:41:48
date last changed
2011-12-27 10:41:48
@misc{2223262,
  abstract     = {{Arbitration enjoys a privileged legal position compared to other methods of private dispute resolution. For example, an arbitration agreement can be invoked as a hindrance for ordinary court proceedings, and arbitral awards have the same legal force as judgments rendered by courts. In exchange for these privileges, the legislator has found it necessary to restrict the party autonomy in general. The arbitral tribunal therefore owns a duty to uphold a basic level of procedural rights throughout the proceedings. Ultimately, these rights are guaranteed through a possibility of setting aside arbitral awards that conflict with certain due process safeguards. For example, an arbitral award can be set aside when the tribunal has rendered an award that goes beyond the parties’ factual pleadings or that imposes legal consequences, which have not been claimed by any of the parties. This thesis specifically deals with the possibility to control the arbitrators’ use of law.

In all proceedings before a court, the principle of jura novit curia is to be applied. This means that judges are not bound by legal facts, which have been invoked by the parties. On the contrary, they have a duty to apply the law on all facts that have been proven. Also, the judges traditionally have an obligation to apply the law, no matter which legal pleadings the parties have made. This order is motivated by protection of weaker parties and by consideration for legal principles such as the rule of law. In order to avoid surprising adjudication, the parties also have a limited right to comment on legal facts that are to be applied.

This thesis concludes that, as a starting point, the principle of jura novit curia is to be upheld in arbitration procedures as well. The arbitrator thus enjoys a right to use legal facts that have not been invoked by either of the parties. Also, evidence aiming to prove the content of law is not a duty of the parties. Some caution may be relevant in international arbitration proceedings, as foreign legal systems often require the parties to invoke legal facts, although an arbitral award can never be set aside due to the use of a legal fact that has not been invoked by the parties. On the contrary to the traditional use of the jura novit curia-principle, the parties may however construct a framework for the use of law through agreements. For example, they may state that a specific rule is to be applied on the submitted facts, that a rule is to be interpreted in a certain way or that the dispute is to be judged by what the arbitrator favors as equitable. As in proceedings before an ordinary court, the parties also own a limited right to comment on legal facts that are to be applied. However, it seem to be unclear if shortcomings in this regard may result in the setting aside of an award.}},
  author       = {{Hallin Veres, Kristoffer}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Jura Novit Arbiter? -En studie av parternas kontroll över rättstillämpningen i skiljeförfaranden}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}