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Half-sandwich Complexes - Overcoming Malaria Resistance

Stahre, Linnéa LU (2021) KEML12 20212
Department of Chemistry
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects about 228 million persons every year. It is a deadly disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite, spread by female Anopheles mosquitos. Today there is no cure, but it can be treated with medicine and taken in prevention. Unfortunately, the parasite is getting resistant to the drugs on the market.
The most common drug is chloroquine which was discovered in 1934 and has been used ever since. Chloroquine forms complexes with hematin in the food vacuole of the parasite, and the complexes are poisonous to the parasite. It is believed that the resistance is caused by a mutation that makes it possible for chloroquine to leave the food vacuole. To overcome this, an alteration to the chloroquine molecule has been... (More)
Malaria is a disease that affects about 228 million persons every year. It is a deadly disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite, spread by female Anopheles mosquitos. Today there is no cure, but it can be treated with medicine and taken in prevention. Unfortunately, the parasite is getting resistant to the drugs on the market.
The most common drug is chloroquine which was discovered in 1934 and has been used ever since. Chloroquine forms complexes with hematin in the food vacuole of the parasite, and the complexes are poisonous to the parasite. It is believed that the resistance is caused by a mutation that makes it possible for chloroquine to leave the food vacuole. To overcome this, an alteration to the chloroquine molecule has been done by adding ferrocene, making ferroquine. Ferroquine is under clinical trials that look promising. Because of this it has become of interest to synthesize other complexes that use as metal together with a ligand that resembles chloroquine.
The purpose of this bachelor’s project was to synthesize new half-sandwich complexes that could potentially be anti-malarial active agents. This was done in two parts, synthesis of ligands and then the complexes. All the ligands contain a potentially bidentat Schiff-base unit and are supposed to coordinate with metals in two places, forming complexes. In this project the ligands that were used had a shorter link between the Schiff-base than the ones that has been published by members of the group.
The metals used for the complexes were molybdenum, iron, rhodium and iridium. For both rhodium and iridium related complexes have been successfully synthesized by members of the Nordlander group, unlike molybdenum and iron. The synthetic routes have therefore been inspired by previous complexes with rhodium and iridium.
This report describes the synthetic routes to the ligands L1, L2 and L3, the complexes (1)-(9) as well as for two monomers. Three more complexes were synthesized but due to unsatisfactory results they will not be discussed in this report. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
I det här arbetet har målet varit att syntetisera ett flertal olika metallbaserade kemiska föreningar som skulle kunna användas som antimalariamediciner i framtiden. Föreningarna har syntetiserats utifrån tidigare vetskap om mediciner och problem med resistens. Tyvärr erhölls inte resultaten som förväntats i arbetet men ger vägledning inför framtida försök.
Malaria är en sjukdom som är utspridd över stora delar av världen och orsakade ca och 228 miljoner fall, varav ca 405 000 dödsfall, under 2018. Sjukdomen sprids när myggor bärande en malariaparasit suger blod från människan. Parasiten bryter ned röda blodkroppar vilket oftast ger influensaliknande symtom som huvudvärk, feber och illamående men kan även leda till anemi, respiratoriska... (More)
I det här arbetet har målet varit att syntetisera ett flertal olika metallbaserade kemiska föreningar som skulle kunna användas som antimalariamediciner i framtiden. Föreningarna har syntetiserats utifrån tidigare vetskap om mediciner och problem med resistens. Tyvärr erhölls inte resultaten som förväntats i arbetet men ger vägledning inför framtida försök.
Malaria är en sjukdom som är utspridd över stora delar av världen och orsakade ca och 228 miljoner fall, varav ca 405 000 dödsfall, under 2018. Sjukdomen sprids när myggor bärande en malariaparasit suger blod från människan. Parasiten bryter ned röda blodkroppar vilket oftast ger influensaliknande symtom som huvudvärk, feber och illamående men kan även leda till anemi, respiratoriska problem eller döden.
I dagsläget finns inget botemedel mot malaria men det finns mediciner som kan motverka, behandla eller förebygga sjukdomen. En sådan medicin är klorokin som upptäcktes redan 1934 och har sedan dess används flitigt. Detta har tyvärr lett till att parasiten har utvecklat resistens och nya mediciner är av stort intresse.
En ny medicin som just nu genomgår klinisk prövning är läkemedlet ferrokin. Ferrokin är en kemisk förening, ett komplex, där klorokin har länkats med ferrocen, ett kemiskt ämne innehållande järn. Förhoppningen är att detta läkemedel ska överkomma resistensen. Då de kliniska studierna går bra har ferrokin öppnat ett intresse för andra metallbaserade komplex.
I den forskningsgrupp där studien utfördes, har man experimenterat med olika typer av metaller tillsammans med klorokinliknade molekyler, ligander, och skapat nya komplex. Gruppen har lyckats syntetisera flera metallbaserade komplex som skulle kunna vara framgångsrika. Dessa komplex har använts som inspiration under arbetet.
Projektet har bestått av två delar där den ena delen var att syntetisera nya ligander och den andra var att syntetisera komplex med liganderna. Liganderna, totalt tre olika, som syntetiserats har varit kortare än tidigare och gett positiva resultat. Flera försök att syntetisera dessa komplex av dessa ligander tillsammans med metallerna molybden, järn, iridium samt rodium utfördes. De syntetiska vägar som har används för komplexen tycks tyvärr inte ha lyckats då tveksamma eller rent av negativa resultat erhölls. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Stahre, Linnéa LU
supervisor
organization
course
KEML12 20212
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
malaria, half-sandwich complexes, ligands, molybdenum, iron, rhodium, iridium, chemical physics
language
English
id
9069427
date added to LUP
2022-06-09 09:15:19
date last changed
2022-06-09 09:15:19
@misc{9069427,
  abstract     = {{Malaria is a disease that affects about 228 million persons every year. It is a deadly disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite, spread by female Anopheles mosquitos. Today there is no cure, but it can be treated with medicine and taken in prevention. Unfortunately, the parasite is getting resistant to the drugs on the market. 
The most common drug is chloroquine which was discovered in 1934 and has been used ever since. Chloroquine forms complexes with hematin in the food vacuole of the parasite, and the complexes are poisonous to the parasite. It is believed that the resistance is caused by a mutation that makes it possible for chloroquine to leave the food vacuole. To overcome this, an alteration to the chloroquine molecule has been done by adding ferrocene, making ferroquine. Ferroquine is under clinical trials that look promising. Because of this it has become of interest to synthesize other complexes that use as metal together with a ligand that resembles chloroquine.
The purpose of this bachelor’s project was to synthesize new half-sandwich complexes that could potentially be anti-malarial active agents. This was done in two parts, synthesis of ligands and then the complexes. All the ligands contain a potentially bidentat Schiff-base unit and are supposed to coordinate with metals in two places, forming complexes. In this project the ligands that were used had a shorter link between the Schiff-base than the ones that has been published by members of the group. 
The metals used for the complexes were molybdenum, iron, rhodium and iridium. For both rhodium and iridium related complexes have been successfully synthesized by members of the Nordlander group, unlike molybdenum and iron. The synthetic routes have therefore been inspired by previous complexes with rhodium and iridium. 
This report describes the synthetic routes to the ligands L1, L2 and L3, the complexes (1)-(9) as well as for two monomers. Three more complexes were synthesized but due to unsatisfactory results they will not be discussed in this report.}},
  author       = {{Stahre, Linnéa}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Half-sandwich Complexes - Overcoming Malaria Resistance}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}