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Effect of powder spray drying on catalyst formulation in tablet form

Wahlgren, Kajsa LU (2023) KETM05 20231
Chemical Engineering (M.Sc.Eng.)
Abstract
Heterogenous catalysts consist of a large surface area support material applied with the catalytic active phase, and the activity of a catalyst is often correlated to the surface area per volume. Support materials often need to be processed further to be optimal for specific processes. For example, powders can be suitable for minireactors or fluidized-bed reactors. However, in a fixed-bed reactor, powder increases the pressure drop, and in gas-phase reactions, it risks being blown out. Therefore, the support material needs to be processed further in order to maintain the structure or better suit the reactor. The final form is called the carrier and can for example be tablets, extrudates or encapsulated powder.

The behaviour of powder... (More)
Heterogenous catalysts consist of a large surface area support material applied with the catalytic active phase, and the activity of a catalyst is often correlated to the surface area per volume. Support materials often need to be processed further to be optimal for specific processes. For example, powders can be suitable for minireactors or fluidized-bed reactors. However, in a fixed-bed reactor, powder increases the pressure drop, and in gas-phase reactions, it risks being blown out. Therefore, the support material needs to be processed further in order to maintain the structure or better suit the reactor. The final form is called the carrier and can for example be tablets, extrudates or encapsulated powder.

The behaviour of powder is, however, more difficult to predict than fluids or gases. This is because powder behaviour is dependent on the degree of heterogeneity of the particles, the packing history of the powder, and the influence of the environment. To tablet a powder, the flowability of the powder needs to be sufficiently good for the powder to fall down the small holes in the tablet machine. Good flowability of a powder is correlated to spherical particles with sizes above 100μm.

This report examines the effect of spray drying on a Y-zeolite powder to increase its flowability and thereby improve the tabletting process of the powder. The best result was also applied to a CeZr powder. The Y-zeolite and CeZr powder have an approximate particle size of 4μm and the objective of utilizing the spray dryer was to generate droplets containing several powder particles, which, upon drying, form larger particles that enhances the flowability of the powder. The flowability was evaluated by calculating the ratio of large particles produced from the spray dryer, along with measuring the angle of repose of the collected powders. The experiments were designed to examine the impact of various settings on the spray dryer and the preparatory steps preceding it. First, the influence of nozzle size was tested, followed by assessing the significance of adding binder to the slurry. Lastly a trial matrix was created, testing the impact of dry content and the feed rate of the slurry.

The results were, in most cases, that the flowability of the powder decreased after spray drying. However, there were two exceptions where the flowability of the Y-zeolite powder actually improved, namely for the samples with highest dry-matter content in the slurry (54wt%). As a result, the combination of a dry weight of 5wt% and a feed rate of 1200 ml/h was determined to yield the best results, and these conditions were used for testing the CeZr powder. However, the flowability of the CeZr powder decreased when subjected to spray drying with these settings. Therefore, it was concluded that every powder requires its own investigation to determine the most suitable settings to increase flowability.

The influence of the spray dryer settings was assessed using graphs in Excel and statistical analysis software. It was observed that a larger nozzle, and exclusion of binder in the slurry, led to a greater extent of large particles. The statistical software revealed significant impact of dry weight in the slurry for the mass ratio of large particles and flowability of the powder. Specifically, a higher dry-matter content yielded more favourable outcomes. On the other hand, the feed rate showed, in almost all cases, no statistical impact on the results.

The spray dried powder was then tableted, and the tabletting performance was compared to that of the original powder. The large particles obtained from the best results of the spray-dried Y-zeolite, which showed enhanced flowability in comparison to the original powder, also improved the tabletting process and more tablets were obtained than from the original Y-zeolite powder. The large particles from the spray-dried CeZr powder, however, showed decreased performance in flowability, and the tabletting process also worked better for the original CeZr powder than the spray dried. It is evident that improved flowability plays a crucial role in enhancing the tabletting process.

For future experiments, the impact of the inlet air stream and inlet air temperature would be of interest to examine. Furthermore, better methods to measure flowability should be considered. The method of measuring the angle of repose has many drawbacks where one of them is that it is very sensitive to the operator and another one is low precision. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
I dagens samhälle är en stor del av industrin beroende av kemiska reaktioner. Hastigheter för kemiska reaktioner kan påskyndas med hjälp av katalysatorer. Heterogena katalysatorer, alltså katalysatorer av fast karaktär, består av ett bärarmaterial på vilket det aktiva katalyserande ämnet är applicerat. På företaget Hulteberg Chemistry & Engineering AB används pulver som katalysatorbärare till vissa typer av reaktioner. Till andra reaktioner fungerar inte pulver som katalysatorbärare och större format måste användas istället. Önskemålet på företaget är därför att kunna skapa tabletter av pulvret så att det kan användas till fler typer av reaktioner. Under tabletteringsprocessen rinner pulvret ner i små hål och pressas ihop från två håll.... (More)
I dagens samhälle är en stor del av industrin beroende av kemiska reaktioner. Hastigheter för kemiska reaktioner kan påskyndas med hjälp av katalysatorer. Heterogena katalysatorer, alltså katalysatorer av fast karaktär, består av ett bärarmaterial på vilket det aktiva katalyserande ämnet är applicerat. På företaget Hulteberg Chemistry & Engineering AB används pulver som katalysatorbärare till vissa typer av reaktioner. Till andra reaktioner fungerar inte pulver som katalysatorbärare och större format måste användas istället. Önskemålet på företaget är därför att kunna skapa tabletter av pulvret så att det kan användas till fler typer av reaktioner. Under tabletteringsprocessen rinner pulvret ner i små hål och pressas ihop från två håll. Problemet med vissa pulver är att de rinner för dåligt så att för lite pulver hinner rinna ner i hålen innan de åker vidare för ihoppressning. Ett pulver som rinner bra, det vill säga har bra flytbarhet, kännetecknas av sfäriska pulverpartiklar med en storlek på över 100 μm.

I den här studien undersöktes effekten av att spraytorka pulver i syfte att öka flytbarheten och underlätta tabletteringsprocessen. De flesta försöken gjordes på ett aluminasilikat-pulver (Y-zeolit-pulver) och de bästa resultaten testades sedan på ett Cerium-Zirconia-pulver (CeZr-pulver). Partikelstorleken på båda dessa pulver var ca 4 μm. Pulvret blandades med vatten till en vätskeblandning, en slurry, som sedan kördes genom spraytorken. Spraytorkens syfte är att skapa en spray med droppar av slurryn. Dropparna åker ut i en kammare och möts sedan av en varm luftström och torkas. Varje droppe innehåller flera pulverpartiklar och när dropparna väl torkat skapas en sammansatt partikel med större storlek än de ursprungliga. Efter varje spraytorkningsförsök samlades spraytorkat pulver i två behållare, en med mindre partiklar och en med större partiklar, där andelen större partiklar beräknades och presenterades som en del av resultatet, där ett stort värde är fördelaktigt. Pulvren hälldes upp i högar och rasvinkeln mättes. Rasvinkel är vinkeln på högens nedre kant relativt en horisontell yta, och fungerar som ett mått på pulvrets flytbarhet. Några olika parametrar under försöket varierades och dess effekt sammanställdes i grafer i Excel samt i statistiska analysprogram. Parametrarna som varierades var storleken på den finfördelare som skapade sprayen, andelen bindemedel tillsatt till slurryn med vatten och pulver, andelen torrhalt i slurryn samt hur snabbt slurryn matades in till spraytorken.

Resultatet gav att flytbarheten i de flesta fall försämrades efter spraytorkningen. Däremot var det två prover som visade annorlunda. Med högst torrhalt, 54vikt%, i slurryn ökade faktiskt flytbarheten för Y-zeolitpulvet (för de uppsamlade stora partiklar, vilka var mest av intresse att analysera). 54vikt% torrhalt och en inmatningshastighet på 1200ml/h gav bäst resultat och inställningarna testades för CeZr-pulvret. Flytbarheten försämrades dock för CeZr-pulvret med dessa inställningar och slutsatsen drogs att det för varje pulver behövs en unik utredning för att kunna öka flytbarheten med spraytorken.

Spraytorkens inställningar gav dock olika trender i resultaten för Y-zeolitpulvret. En större storlek av finfördelaren, samt en slurry utan bindemedel, gav fler stora partiklar. De statistiska analysprogrammen visade att torrvikten i slurryn var av stor betydelse för resultatet, där en högre torrhalt var klart fördelaktig. Inmatningshastigheten visade, i nästan alla fallen, inte ha någon signifikant betydelse för resultatet.

Spraytorkat och icke-spraytorkat pulver av varje slag kördes sedan i tablettmaskinen och jämfördes.
Y-zeolitpulvret med bäst resultat från spraytorken, vars flytbarhet ökat, användes och visade förbättringar under tabletteringsprocessen jämfört med originalpulvret. Spraytorkat CeZr pulver tycktes inte skilja sig från originalpulvret under tabletteringsprocessen men färre tabletter erhölls från lika mycket startpulver. Spraytorkat CeZr-pulver hade dock försämrats i flytbarhet. Korrelationen mellan bättre flytbarhet och en underlättad tabletteringsprocess tycks visas tydligt med dessa resultat.

För vidare studier vore det intressant att undersöka effekten av temperaturen på luftflödet in till spraytorken samt hastigheten på luftflödet. Andra metoder för att mäta flytbarheten bör då övervägas eftersom metoden att mäta rasvinkel var väldigt känslig för hur försöken utfördes, vilket gör att resultaten kan bli väldigt olika om till exempel olika personer utför testet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wahlgren, Kajsa LU
supervisor
organization
course
KETM05 20231
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
Spray dryer, Catalyst, Powder, Flowability, Chemical engineering
language
English
id
9127045
date added to LUP
2023-06-22 10:49:45
date last changed
2023-06-22 10:49:45
@misc{9127045,
  abstract     = {{Heterogenous catalysts consist of a large surface area support material applied with the catalytic active phase, and the activity of a catalyst is often correlated to the surface area per volume. Support materials often need to be processed further to be optimal for specific processes. For example, powders can be suitable for minireactors or fluidized-bed reactors. However, in a fixed-bed reactor, powder increases the pressure drop, and in gas-phase reactions, it risks being blown out. Therefore, the support material needs to be processed further in order to maintain the structure or better suit the reactor. The final form is called the carrier and can for example be tablets, extrudates or encapsulated powder. 

The behaviour of powder is, however, more difficult to predict than fluids or gases. This is because powder behaviour is dependent on the degree of heterogeneity of the particles, the packing history of the powder, and the influence of the environment. To tablet a powder, the flowability of the powder needs to be sufficiently good for the powder to fall down the small holes in the tablet machine. Good flowability of a powder is correlated to spherical particles with sizes above 100μm. 

This report examines the effect of spray drying on a Y-zeolite powder to increase its flowability and thereby improve the tabletting process of the powder. The best result was also applied to a CeZr powder. The Y-zeolite and CeZr powder have an approximate particle size of 4μm and the objective of utilizing the spray dryer was to generate droplets containing several powder particles, which, upon drying, form larger particles that enhances the flowability of the powder. The flowability was evaluated by calculating the ratio of large particles produced from the spray dryer, along with measuring the angle of repose of the collected powders. The experiments were designed to examine the impact of various settings on the spray dryer and the preparatory steps preceding it. First, the influence of nozzle size was tested, followed by assessing the significance of adding binder to the slurry. Lastly a trial matrix was created, testing the impact of dry content and the feed rate of the slurry. 

The results were, in most cases, that the flowability of the powder decreased after spray drying. However, there were two exceptions where the flowability of the Y-zeolite powder actually improved, namely for the samples with highest dry-matter content in the slurry (54wt%). As a result, the combination of a dry weight of 5wt% and a feed rate of 1200 ml/h was determined to yield the best results, and these conditions were used for testing the CeZr powder. However, the flowability of the CeZr powder decreased when subjected to spray drying with these settings. Therefore, it was concluded that every powder requires its own investigation to determine the most suitable settings to increase flowability. 

The influence of the spray dryer settings was assessed using graphs in Excel and statistical analysis software. It was observed that a larger nozzle, and exclusion of binder in the slurry, led to a greater extent of large particles. The statistical software revealed significant impact of dry weight in the slurry for the mass ratio of large particles and flowability of the powder. Specifically, a higher dry-matter content yielded more favourable outcomes. On the other hand, the feed rate showed, in almost all cases, no statistical impact on the results.

The spray dried powder was then tableted, and the tabletting performance was compared to that of the original powder. The large particles obtained from the best results of the spray-dried Y-zeolite, which showed enhanced flowability in comparison to the original powder, also improved the tabletting process and more tablets were obtained than from the original Y-zeolite powder. The large particles from the spray-dried CeZr powder, however, showed decreased performance in flowability, and the tabletting process also worked better for the original CeZr powder than the spray dried. It is evident that improved flowability plays a crucial role in enhancing the tabletting process.

For future experiments, the impact of the inlet air stream and inlet air temperature would be of interest to examine. Furthermore, better methods to measure flowability should be considered. The method of measuring the angle of repose has many drawbacks where one of them is that it is very sensitive to the operator and another one is low precision.}},
  author       = {{Wahlgren, Kajsa}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Effect of powder spray drying on catalyst formulation in tablet form}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}