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Smutsiga pengar? - En bevisrättslig analys av förbrottet till penningtvätt utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv

Tyrstrup, Fanny LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Since 2014, the Money Laundering Offences Act (hereafter the MLO Act) applies. In relation to the previous criminal law regulation regarding money laundering the perception was that the prosecutor had to prove a certain predicate offence for criminal liability. Difficulties in proving the predicate offence induced the adoption of a more comprehensive necessary prerequisite. Henceforth, section 3 and 4 of the MLO Act requires that property “derives from an offence or a criminal activity”. The evidentiary requirement for fulfilling the necessary prerequisite is the same as otherwise in criminal cases. Thus, it should be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the property derives from an offence or a criminal activity. However, no further... (More)
Since 2014, the Money Laundering Offences Act (hereafter the MLO Act) applies. In relation to the previous criminal law regulation regarding money laundering the perception was that the prosecutor had to prove a certain predicate offence for criminal liability. Difficulties in proving the predicate offence induced the adoption of a more comprehensive necessary prerequisite. Henceforth, section 3 and 4 of the MLO Act requires that property “derives from an offence or a criminal activity”. The evidentiary requirement for fulfilling the necessary prerequisite is the same as otherwise in criminal cases. Thus, it should be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the property derives from an offence or a criminal activity. However, no further circumstances or criminal acts must be proven to fulfill the evidentiary requirement for the necessary prerequisite.

In Swedish law, separation is made between the burden of proof and the evidentiary requirement. The prosecutor has the burden of proof for the defendant’s liability in criminal cases. The evidentiary requirement expresses the strength that the evidence must have for the defendant to be convicted of a crime. The evidentiary requirement can be defined in different ways but is always highly placed.

Rule of law is important in a state governed by law. However, the concept of rule of law is ambiguous. One aspect of the concept of rule of law is that the law must be predictable, which is described as the concept of formal rule of law. The concept of substantive rule of law means that the legal system for example should be just, ethically acceptable, or protective of human freedoms and rights.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how the evidentiary requirement in Swedish law is applied relative to the necessary prerequisite “derives from an offence or a criminal activity” in section 3 and 4 of the MLO Act, in cases where a drug offence allegedly constitutes the predicate offence to the money laundering. Tendencies regarding evidence that is common in case law from the lower courts and the courts’ assessments hereof are particularly examined in the essay. Another purpose of this essay is to discuss whether the necessary prerequisite is appropriate from a perspective of rule of law. The purpose of the essay is fulfilled by using the legal dogmatic method and the legal analytical method. A case review of cases from the lower courts is undertaken.

It is concluded in the essay that there is some uniformity regarding the type of evidence that is adduced to fulfill the necessary prerequisite, however there are some differences regarding the evaluation of the evidence. This entails a risk that the evidentiary requirement is applied differentiated. The evidence consists mainly of circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence involves a risk for overvaluation. The change of the evidence theme for the relevant necessary prerequisite possibly entails consequences resembling a lower eviden-tiary requirement. The use of a burden of explanation is also noted. The evidentiary requirement is sometimes dismissed due to the circumstance that the prosecutor’s evidence is not robust enough. Finally, it is concluded in the essay that the relevant necessary prerequisite entails negative consequences in relation to both the concept of formal rule of law and the concept of substantive rule of law. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan 2014 gäller lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott (hädanefter PTBL). Gentemot tidigare straffrättslig reglering kring penningtvätt fanns en uppfattning om att åklagaren behövde bevisa ett konkret förbrott för att straffansvar skulle aktualiseras. Svårigheter att bevisa förbrott föranledde införandet av ett mer omfattande rekvisit. I 3 och 4 §§ PTBL krävs numera att egendom ”härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet”. Beviskravet för uppfyllande av rekvisitet är detsamma som i övrigt i brottmål. Det ska således vara ställt bortom rimligt tvivel att egendomen härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet. Däremot behövs inte närmare omständigheter eller gärningar bevisas för att uppfylla beviskravet för rekvisitet.

I... (More)
Sedan 2014 gäller lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott (hädanefter PTBL). Gentemot tidigare straffrättslig reglering kring penningtvätt fanns en uppfattning om att åklagaren behövde bevisa ett konkret förbrott för att straffansvar skulle aktualiseras. Svårigheter att bevisa förbrott föranledde införandet av ett mer omfattande rekvisit. I 3 och 4 §§ PTBL krävs numera att egendom ”härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet”. Beviskravet för uppfyllande av rekvisitet är detsamma som i övrigt i brottmål. Det ska således vara ställt bortom rimligt tvivel att egendomen härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet. Däremot behövs inte närmare omständigheter eller gärningar bevisas för att uppfylla beviskravet för rekvisitet.

I svensk rätt skiljs mellan bevisbörda och beviskrav. Åklagaren åläggs bevisbördan för den tilltalades skuld i brottmål. Beviskravet uttrycker den styrka som bevisningen behöver ha för att den tilltalade ska dömas för brott. Beviskravet kan definieras på olika sätt, men är alltid högt ställt.

Rättssäkerhet är centralt i en rättsstat. Rättssäkerhetsbegreppet är dock mångtydigt. En aspekt av rättssäkerhetsbegreppet är att rätten ska vara förutsebar, vilket benämns formell rättssäkerhet. Med materiell rättssäkerhet avses att rättssystemet exempelvis är rättvist, etiskt godtagbart eller värnande om mänskliga fri- och rättigheter.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur beviskravet i svensk rätt tillämpas i förhållande till rekvisitet ”härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet” i 3 och 4 §§ PTBL, i mål där narkotikabrott uppges utgöra förbrott till penningtvättsbrottet. Vad som närmare undersöks är tendenser kring vanligt förekommande bevisning i underrättspraxis samt domstolarnas bedömningar härvid. Inom ramen för uppsatsens syfte ligger även att diskutera rekvisitets lämplighet ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Uppsatsens syfte fullgörs genom användandet av rättsdogmatisk och rättsanalytisk metod. En rättsfallsgranskning av underrättsavgöranden företas.

Slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att det finns en viss enhetlighet i vilken typ av bevisning som åberopas till stöd för härröranderekvisitet, däremot synes det finnas vissa skillnader i hur bevisningen värderas. Detta medför en risk för att beviskravet kan tillämpas differentierat. Bevisningen består i mångt och mycket av indiciebevisning. Bevistypen är förbunden med en risk för övervärdering. Därutöver noteras en risk för att förändringen av bevistemat för härröranderekvisitet kan medföra konsekvenser liknande ett sänkt beviskrav. En tillämpad förklaringsbörda noteras även. Beviskravet har stundom ogillats till följd av att åklagarens bevisning inte bedömts vara tillräckligt robust. Slutligen noteras i uppsatsen att härröranderekvisitet medför negativa konsekvenser för såväl den formella som den materiella rättssäkerheten. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Tyrstrup, Fanny LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Dirty money? - An evidentiary analysis of the predicate offence to money laundering from a perspective of rule of law
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, bevis, evidence, beviskrav, evidentiary requirement, rättssäkerhet, rule of law, penningtvätt, money laundering
language
Swedish
id
9152575
date added to LUP
2024-06-03 09:11:02
date last changed
2024-06-03 09:11:02
@misc{9152575,
  abstract     = {{Since 2014, the Money Laundering Offences Act (hereafter the MLO Act) applies. In relation to the previous criminal law regulation regarding money laundering the perception was that the prosecutor had to prove a certain predicate offence for criminal liability. Difficulties in proving the predicate offence induced the adoption of a more comprehensive necessary prerequisite. Henceforth, section 3 and 4 of the MLO Act requires that property “derives from an offence or a criminal activity”. The evidentiary requirement for fulfilling the necessary prerequisite is the same as otherwise in criminal cases. Thus, it should be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the property derives from an offence or a criminal activity. However, no further circumstances or criminal acts must be proven to fulfill the evidentiary requirement for the necessary prerequisite.

In Swedish law, separation is made between the burden of proof and the evidentiary requirement. The prosecutor has the burden of proof for the defendant’s liability in criminal cases. The evidentiary requirement expresses the strength that the evidence must have for the defendant to be convicted of a crime. The evidentiary requirement can be defined in different ways but is always highly placed.

Rule of law is important in a state governed by law. However, the concept of rule of law is ambiguous. One aspect of the concept of rule of law is that the law must be predictable, which is described as the concept of formal rule of law. The concept of substantive rule of law means that the legal system for example should be just, ethically acceptable, or protective of human freedoms and rights.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how the evidentiary requirement in Swedish law is applied relative to the necessary prerequisite “derives from an offence or a criminal activity” in section 3 and 4 of the MLO Act, in cases where a drug offence allegedly constitutes the predicate offence to the money laundering. Tendencies regarding evidence that is common in case law from the lower courts and the courts’ assessments hereof are particularly examined in the essay. Another purpose of this essay is to discuss whether the necessary prerequisite is appropriate from a perspective of rule of law. The purpose of the essay is fulfilled by using the legal dogmatic method and the legal analytical method. A case review of cases from the lower courts is undertaken.

It is concluded in the essay that there is some uniformity regarding the type of evidence that is adduced to fulfill the necessary prerequisite, however there are some differences regarding the evaluation of the evidence. This entails a risk that the evidentiary requirement is applied differentiated. The evidence consists mainly of circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence involves a risk for overvaluation. The change of the evidence theme for the relevant necessary prerequisite possibly entails consequences resembling a lower eviden-tiary requirement. The use of a burden of explanation is also noted. The evidentiary requirement is sometimes dismissed due to the circumstance that the prosecutor’s evidence is not robust enough. Finally, it is concluded in the essay that the relevant necessary prerequisite entails negative consequences in relation to both the concept of formal rule of law and the concept of substantive rule of law.}},
  author       = {{Tyrstrup, Fanny}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Smutsiga pengar? - En bevisrättslig analys av förbrottet till penningtvätt utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}