En rättssäkerhetsfråga av värde - en studie av bevisvärderingens genomslag i domskälen
(2026) JURM02 20261Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- This thesis examines how the evaluation, and the results of such assessment, is articulated in the judicial reasonings delivered by the Administrative Courts of Appeal and Administrative Courts in cases regarding tax surcharges and value-added tax, as well as the implications this has for the taxpayer’s legal certainty. This thesis is prompted by recent criticism directed at the Swedish Tax Agency and the tax litigation process, put forward, by the Swedish Bar Association and the organisation Rättvis skatteprocess. Studies conducted by the Bar Association indicate that a majority of lawyers consulted consider that the evaluation of evidence in tax proceedings does not yield reasonable out-comes, and that judicial reasoning is... (More)
- This thesis examines how the evaluation, and the results of such assessment, is articulated in the judicial reasonings delivered by the Administrative Courts of Appeal and Administrative Courts in cases regarding tax surcharges and value-added tax, as well as the implications this has for the taxpayer’s legal certainty. This thesis is prompted by recent criticism directed at the Swedish Tax Agency and the tax litigation process, put forward, by the Swedish Bar Association and the organisation Rättvis skatteprocess. Studies conducted by the Bar Association indicate that a majority of lawyers consulted consider that the evaluation of evidence in tax proceedings does not yield reasonable out-comes, and that judicial reasoning is insufficiently substantiated.
This thesis employs a combination of doctrinal legal methodology and quanti-tative empirical analysis. The theoretical framework encompasses the legal structure and invasive nature of tax surcharges, the burden and standard of proof in tax litigation, and the procedural rules and principles of rule of law governing Administrative Courts. The rule of law dimension focuses on the principle of objectivity, predictability, and the right to a fair trial. The thesis also addresses how tax surcharges relate to the European Convention on Hu-man Rights, in particular Article 6, which guarantees the right to a fair trial, and the corresponding obligation on courts to provide sufficiently reasoned decisions. This obligation is essential to safeguard the individual’s ability to formulate effective appeals and to protect his or her rights.
The quantitative analysis is based on a selection of cases by the Administra-tive Courts of Appeal during 2025. These cases were coded according to a codebook comprising variables operationalising the theoretical framework developed in the thesis. Based on the results, an index was created to facilitate an overview of the outcomes. From this index, four pairs of decisions located at the extremes were selected to illustrate instances in which the evaluation of evidence resulted in particularly high or low scores in the quantitative analy-sis.
The results indicate that approximately one third of the analysed decisions are characterised by limited transparency, insufficient specificity, and a weak con-nection to the legally relevant facts. In these cases, the courts tend to endorse the reasoning of the lower instance or the tax agency without independently articulating their own analysis or providing a clear account of which pieces of evidence were decisive and why.
The thesis concludes that, in a non‑insignificant proportion of the analysed cases, the reasoning concerning the evaluation of evidence fails to meet the standards that may reasonably be required from the perspective of legal cer-tainty, particularly given the criminal nature of tax surcharges and the conse-quent applicability of Article 6 of the ECHR. It is primarily the principles of predictability and the right to a fair trial that risk being undermined when judi-cial reasoning does not sufficiently explain the evidentiary assessment. Alt-hough no actual bias or systemic injustice can be established through the anal-ysis, it is, from a rule of law perspective, problematic that these fundamental principles may be called into question. The thesis also discusses potential re-forms prompted by the findings, including statutory requirements for the rea-soning in tax‑surcharge cases and the establishment of a specialised court modelled on the migration courts. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Uppsatsen berör hur bevisvärderingen och resultatet av denna uttrycks i domskälen i avgöranden från kammarrätter och förvaltningsrätten i mål gäl-lande skattetillägg och mervärdesskatt, och vilka konsekvenser detta har för rättssäkerheten för den enskilde. Uppsatsen grundar sig på den senaste tidens kritik mot Skatteverket och skatteprocessen som bland annat Advokatsamfun-det och Rättvis skatteprocess fört fram. Advokatsamfundet har genomfört undersökningar som visar att en majoritet av advokater som tillfrågats anser att bevisvärderingen i skatteprocesser inte får ett rimligt utfall samt att doms-kälen motiveras i för låg utsträckning.
Uppsatsen grundar sig på en kombination av rättsdogmatisk och kvantitativ empirisk metod. Det... (More) - Uppsatsen berör hur bevisvärderingen och resultatet av denna uttrycks i domskälen i avgöranden från kammarrätter och förvaltningsrätten i mål gäl-lande skattetillägg och mervärdesskatt, och vilka konsekvenser detta har för rättssäkerheten för den enskilde. Uppsatsen grundar sig på den senaste tidens kritik mot Skatteverket och skatteprocessen som bland annat Advokatsamfun-det och Rättvis skatteprocess fört fram. Advokatsamfundet har genomfört undersökningar som visar att en majoritet av advokater som tillfrågats anser att bevisvärderingen i skatteprocesser inte får ett rimligt utfall samt att doms-kälen motiveras i för låg utsträckning.
Uppsatsen grundar sig på en kombination av rättsdogmatisk och kvantitativ empirisk metod. Det teoretiska ramverket omfattar den rättsliga uppbyggnaden av och ingripande naturen av skattetillägg, bevisbördan och beviskraven i skatteprocessen samt processrättsliga regler och rättssäkerhetsprinciper för skatteprocessen. Rättssäkerhetsaspekten fokuserar på objektivitetsprincipen, förutsebarheten och rätt till rättvis rättegång. Uppsatsen berör även hur skatte-tillägg förhåller sig till Europeiska Konventionen för Mänskliga Rättigheter och särskilt artikel 6, rätten till en rättvis rättegång, och skyldigheten som fall-ler under artikeln för domstolar att i tillräcklig omfattning motivera sina dom-slut. Skyldigheten att motivera sina domslut är avgörande för att säkerställa den enskildes möjlighet att formulera effektiva överklaganden och tillvarata sin rätt.
Den kvantitativa analysen bygger på ett urval av rättsfall som avgjorts i kam-marrätterna under 2025, dessa kodas sedan utifrån en kodbok bestående av variabler som är en operationalisering av det teoretiska ramverk som läggs fram i uppsatsen. Utifrån resultatet tas ett index fram för att underlätta över-blickbarheten av utfallet. Utifrån detta index väljs i sin tur de fyra ytterlighets-avgörandeparen för att belysa när bevisvärderingen är på ett sådant sätt att det gav höga respektive låga resultat i den kvantitativa analysen.
Resultatet indikerar att ungefär en tredjedel av de analyserade avgörandena karaktäriseras av låg transparens, begränsad konkretisering och svag koppling till rättsfakta. I dessa fall väljer domstolarna att hänvisa till lägre instans eller Skatteverkets resonemang utan att självständigt artikulera ett resonemang eller tydligt redogöra för vilka bevismedel som var avgörande och varför.
I uppsatsen konstateras avslutningsvis att motiveringen av bevisvärderingen i en inte oansenligt stor del av de analyserade rättsfallen inte når upp till det som rimligen kan krävas ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv, särskilt med tanke på den straffrättsliga karaktär som skattetillägg har och den därmed tillämpliga artikel 6 i Europeiska Konventionen för Mänskliga Rättigheter. Det är framför allt förutsebarheten och rätten till en rättvis rättegång som riskerar att komma i skymundan när domskälen inte tillräckligt motiverar bevisvärderingen. Även om ingen faktisk bias eller systematisk orättvisa kan konstateras genom ana-lysen så är det ur rättssäkerhetsperspektiv illa nog att dessa grundläggande principer kan ifrågasättas. Uppsatsen diskuterar även möjliga lösningar och förändringar till följd av de resultat som presenterats, som införande av lag-krav på motiveringen av domskäl i skattetillägg samt införande av en särskild specialdomstol modellerad efter migrationsdomstolarna. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9226413
- author
- Alhbin Melin, Karl LU
- supervisor
-
- Mariya Senyk LU
- organization
- alternative title
- A Matter of Legal Certainty and Value - a study of how evidence evaluation manifests in judicial reasoning
- course
- JURM02 20261
- year
- 2026
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- skatterätt, förvaltningsrätt, bevisvärdering, bevisbörda, beviskrav, skattetillägg, skatteprocess, rättssäkerhet
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9226413
- date added to LUP
- 2026-06-10 15:36:17
- date last changed
- 2026-06-10 15:36:17
@misc{9226413,
abstract = {{This thesis examines how the evaluation, and the results of such assessment, is articulated in the judicial reasonings delivered by the Administrative Courts of Appeal and Administrative Courts in cases regarding tax surcharges and value-added tax, as well as the implications this has for the taxpayer’s legal certainty. This thesis is prompted by recent criticism directed at the Swedish Tax Agency and the tax litigation process, put forward, by the Swedish Bar Association and the organisation Rättvis skatteprocess. Studies conducted by the Bar Association indicate that a majority of lawyers consulted consider that the evaluation of evidence in tax proceedings does not yield reasonable out-comes, and that judicial reasoning is insufficiently substantiated.
This thesis employs a combination of doctrinal legal methodology and quanti-tative empirical analysis. The theoretical framework encompasses the legal structure and invasive nature of tax surcharges, the burden and standard of proof in tax litigation, and the procedural rules and principles of rule of law governing Administrative Courts. The rule of law dimension focuses on the principle of objectivity, predictability, and the right to a fair trial. The thesis also addresses how tax surcharges relate to the European Convention on Hu-man Rights, in particular Article 6, which guarantees the right to a fair trial, and the corresponding obligation on courts to provide sufficiently reasoned decisions. This obligation is essential to safeguard the individual’s ability to formulate effective appeals and to protect his or her rights.
The quantitative analysis is based on a selection of cases by the Administra-tive Courts of Appeal during 2025. These cases were coded according to a codebook comprising variables operationalising the theoretical framework developed in the thesis. Based on the results, an index was created to facilitate an overview of the outcomes. From this index, four pairs of decisions located at the extremes were selected to illustrate instances in which the evaluation of evidence resulted in particularly high or low scores in the quantitative analy-sis.
The results indicate that approximately one third of the analysed decisions are characterised by limited transparency, insufficient specificity, and a weak con-nection to the legally relevant facts. In these cases, the courts tend to endorse the reasoning of the lower instance or the tax agency without independently articulating their own analysis or providing a clear account of which pieces of evidence were decisive and why.
The thesis concludes that, in a non‑insignificant proportion of the analysed cases, the reasoning concerning the evaluation of evidence fails to meet the standards that may reasonably be required from the perspective of legal cer-tainty, particularly given the criminal nature of tax surcharges and the conse-quent applicability of Article 6 of the ECHR. It is primarily the principles of predictability and the right to a fair trial that risk being undermined when judi-cial reasoning does not sufficiently explain the evidentiary assessment. Alt-hough no actual bias or systemic injustice can be established through the anal-ysis, it is, from a rule of law perspective, problematic that these fundamental principles may be called into question. The thesis also discusses potential re-forms prompted by the findings, including statutory requirements for the rea-soning in tax‑surcharge cases and the establishment of a specialised court modelled on the migration courts.}},
author = {{Alhbin Melin, Karl}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{En rättssäkerhetsfråga av värde - en studie av bevisvärderingens genomslag i domskälen}},
year = {{2026}},
}