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Mätstudie av effektutag och elanvändning i nio radhuslägenheter uppvärmda med frånluftsvärmepump

Jakobsson, Malva LU and Leuchovius, Signe LU (2026) In TVIT-5000 ABKL05 20261
Division of Building Services
Abstract (Swedish)
Sveriges utveckling i form av ett mer digitaliserat och elektrifierat samhälle medför en högre belastning på elnätet. Samtidigt är elnätet inte dimensionerad för denna belastning. Nätets kapacitet är direkt kopplat till effektuttag och för att jämna ut och minska höga effekttoppar i nätet beslutades det därför att införa effektavgifter senast den 1 januari 2027. Under tiden arbetet skrevs beslutades det om att effektavgifterna var för komplicerade för vanliga hushåll att förstå och drogs därefter tillbaka. Men problemet med överbelastning kvarstår och flera elbolag har beslutat att ha kvar sina effektavgifter.

Syftet med denna studie är bland annat att analysera hur effektanvändningen varierar mellan olika hushåll. En av analyserna... (More)
Sveriges utveckling i form av ett mer digitaliserat och elektrifierat samhälle medför en högre belastning på elnätet. Samtidigt är elnätet inte dimensionerad för denna belastning. Nätets kapacitet är direkt kopplat till effektuttag och för att jämna ut och minska höga effekttoppar i nätet beslutades det därför att införa effektavgifter senast den 1 januari 2027. Under tiden arbetet skrevs beslutades det om att effektavgifterna var för komplicerade för vanliga hushåll att förstå och drogs därefter tillbaka. Men problemet med överbelastning kvarstår och flera elbolag har beslutat att ha kvar sina effektavgifter.

Syftet med denna studie är bland annat att analysera hur effektanvändningen varierar mellan olika hushåll. En av analyserna syftar till att undersöka inverkan på medeleffektens storlek med olika mätintervall. Några andra syftar till att beskriva dygnsvariation för effektuttag samt utetemperaturens påverkan på effektanvändningen och effekttopparna. I förlängning appliceras olika betalningsmodeller för effektavgifter från olika elnätsbolag för att undersöka skillnader mellan de olika modellerna för samma hushåll, samt skillnaden mellan hushåll inom samma prismodell. Studien är en mätstudie där elanvändningen för nio liknande radhuslägenheter har undersökts. De befinner sig i södra Sverige och har mätperioden mellan 13 februari och 5 mars 2026.

Resultatet visar att effektanvändning mätt med korta intervall (12 sekunder till 3 minuter) ger momentana höga effekttoppar. Mätningar med medellånga intervall (15 minuter till 1 timme) ger en mer utjämnad bild med lägre toppar men fortfarande en variation över dygnet. Medan långa intervall (12 timmar till 3 veckor) jämnar ut variationerna ytterligare och resulterar i ett lägre effektmedelvärde. Hushållens effektanvändning följer tydliga mönster med effekttoppar på morgonen och kvällen. Ett tydligt samband kunde identifieras där hushållen använder mer effekt ju kallare utomhustemperaturen är, detta kan bero på uppvärmningsbehovet. Kostnaden för effektavgifter påverkas främst av brukarnas variation.

Vilken tariffmodell som används av det aktuella elbolaget påverkar också effektavgiften. Där är prismodellen [kr/kW] som elbolagen använder, faktorn som påverkar effektavgiften mest. Vidare påvisar stomlagring och batterilagring en potential att reducera effekttoppar och därmed minska den totala elkostnaden, däremot varierar den ekonomiska lönsamheten beroende på investeringskostnaden.


Sammanfattningsvis bör prismodeller för effektavgifter utformas så att de speglar belastningen på elnätet utan att hushåll straffas i onödan. Två hushåll kan exempelvis använda lika mycket energi under en månad, men om det ena hushållet använder elen jämnt över tid, ger det ofta en inte allt för hög effektanvändning. Medan det andra vanligtvis har en låg effektanvändning med korta perioder med mycket hög effektanvändning, kommer detta hushåll få en högre effektavgift. Det beror på att de studerade tariffmodellerna baseras på de högsta effekttopparna under två eller tre dagar i månaden. Ett jämnare effektuttag är mer fördelaktigt för elnätet eftersom det minskar effekttopparna.

För att bättre fånga skillnader i användarbeteende bör effektavgifter därför baseras på korta mätintervall, exempelvis 15 minuter till en timme. Det är inte självklart att en modell som enbart baseras på två eller tre effekttoppar alltid ger den mest rättvisa eller effektiva lösningen. Det viktiga är att tariffmodellerna utformas så att de både speglar elnätets behov och ger hushållen rimliga möjligheter att påverka sin kostnad genom att sprida ut elanvändningen över tid. (Less)
Abstract
Sweden’s development towards a more digitalized and electrified society is increasing the load on the electricity grid. At the same time, the grid is not dimensioned for this level of demand. The grid capacity is directly linked to power demand, and to reduce and smooth out high-power peaks, it was decided that demand-based electricity tariffs would be introduced no later than January 1, 2027. During the writing of this study, however, it was decided that these tariffs were too complicated for ordinary households to understand, and the proposal was therefore withdrawn. Nevertheless, the problem of grid congestion remains, and several electricity network companies have chosen to keep their power fee.

The purpose of this study is, among... (More)
Sweden’s development towards a more digitalized and electrified society is increasing the load on the electricity grid. At the same time, the grid is not dimensioned for this level of demand. The grid capacity is directly linked to power demand, and to reduce and smooth out high-power peaks, it was decided that demand-based electricity tariffs would be introduced no later than January 1, 2027. During the writing of this study, however, it was decided that these tariffs were too complicated for ordinary households to understand, and the proposal was therefore withdrawn. Nevertheless, the problem of grid congestion remains, and several electricity network companies have chosen to keep their power fee.

The purpose of this study is, among other things, to analyze how power usage varies between different households. One analysis investigates how different measurement intervals affect the average power demand. Other analyses aim to describe daily variations in power usage as well as the influence of outdoor temperature on power demand and peak loads. Furthermore, different tariff models from different electricity network companies are applied to investigate differences between the models for the same household, as well as differences between households within the same tariff model. The study is based on measurements of electricity usage in nine similar terraced houses located in southern Sweden during the period February 13 to March 5, 2026.

The results show that power usage measured with short intervals (12 seconds to 3 minutes) produces high instantaneous power peaks. Measurements using medium-length intervals (15 minutes to 1 hour) provide a more balanced representation with lower peaks while still showing variations throughout the day. Long intervals (12 hours to 3 weeks) smooth out the variations even further and result in a lower average power demand. The households’ power usage follows clear patterns with peaks occurring in the morning and evening. A clear relationship was identified showing that households use more power at lower outdoor temperatures, likely due to heating demand. The cost of power tariffs is mainly influenced by variations in household power usage.

The tariff model used by the power supplier company also affects the power fee. The price model [SEK/kW] used by the companies was found to be the factor with the greatest impact on the power tariff. Furthermore, both thermal storage in the building structure and battery storage show potential to reduce power peaks and thereby lower the total electricity cost. Although the economic profitability varies depending on the investment cost.

In conclusion, power tariff models should be designed to reflect the load on the electricity grid without unnecessarily penalizing households. For example, two households may use the same amount of energy during a month, but if one household uses electricity evenly over time, it will generally result in lower power demand. In contrast, another household with generally low power usage but short periods of very high power usage will receive a higher power charge. This is because the studied tariff models are based on the highest power peaks during two or three days each month. A more even power usage pattern is more beneficial for the power grid because it reduces power peak.

To better capture differences in usage behaviour, power tariffs should therefore be based on short measurement intervals, such as 15 minutes to 1 hour. However, it is not certain that a model based solely on two or three power peaks always provides the fairest or most effective solution. The important aspect is that tariff models are designed to both reflect the needs of the power grid and give households reasonable opportunities to influence their costs by spreading out their electricity usage over time. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Jakobsson, Malva LU and Leuchovius, Signe LU
supervisor
organization
course
ABKL05 20261
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Effektanvändning, effekttoppar, effektavgift, mätintervall, brukarbeteende, lastutjämning, batterilagring, energilagring, tariffmodeller
publication/series
TVIT-5000
report number
TVIT-5126
other publication id
ISRN LUTVDG/TVIT-26/5126-SE(106)
language
Swedish
additional info
Examinator: Dennis Johansson
id
9231170
date added to LUP
2026-06-11 14:28:58
date last changed
2026-06-11 14:28:58
@misc{9231170,
  abstract     = {{Sweden’s development towards a more digitalized and electrified society is increasing the load on the electricity grid. At the same time, the grid is not dimensioned for this level of demand. The grid capacity is directly linked to power demand, and to reduce and smooth out high-power peaks, it was decided that demand-based electricity tariffs would be introduced no later than January 1, 2027. During the writing of this study, however, it was decided that these tariffs were too complicated for ordinary households to understand, and the proposal was therefore withdrawn. Nevertheless, the problem of grid congestion remains, and several electricity network companies have chosen to keep their power fee.

The purpose of this study is, among other things, to analyze how power usage varies between different households. One analysis investigates how different measurement intervals affect the average power demand. Other analyses aim to describe daily variations in power usage as well as the influence of outdoor temperature on power demand and peak loads. Furthermore, different tariff models from different electricity network companies are applied to investigate differences between the models for the same household, as well as differences between households within the same tariff model. The study is based on measurements of electricity usage in nine similar terraced houses located in southern Sweden during the period February 13 to March 5, 2026.

The results show that power usage measured with short intervals (12 seconds to 3 minutes) produces high instantaneous power peaks. Measurements using medium-length intervals (15 minutes to 1 hour) provide a more balanced representation with lower peaks while still showing variations throughout the day. Long intervals (12 hours to 3 weeks) smooth out the variations even further and result in a lower average power demand. The households’ power usage follows clear patterns with peaks occurring in the morning and evening. A clear relationship was identified showing that households use more power at lower outdoor temperatures, likely due to heating demand. The cost of power tariffs is mainly influenced by variations in household power usage.

The tariff model used by the power supplier company also affects the power fee. The price model [SEK/kW] used by the companies was found to be the factor with the greatest impact on the power tariff. Furthermore, both thermal storage in the building structure and battery storage show potential to reduce power peaks and thereby lower the total electricity cost. Although the economic profitability varies depending on the investment cost.

In conclusion, power tariff models should be designed to reflect the load on the electricity grid without unnecessarily penalizing households. For example, two households may use the same amount of energy during a month, but if one household uses electricity evenly over time, it will generally result in lower power demand. In contrast, another household with generally low power usage but short periods of very high power usage will receive a higher power charge. This is because the studied tariff models are based on the highest power peaks during two or three days each month. A more even power usage pattern is more beneficial for the power grid because it reduces power peak.

To better capture differences in usage behaviour, power tariffs should therefore be based on short measurement intervals, such as 15 minutes to 1 hour. However, it is not certain that a model based solely on two or three power peaks always provides the fairest or most effective solution. The important aspect is that tariff models are designed to both reflect the needs of the power grid and give households reasonable opportunities to influence their costs by spreading out their electricity usage over time.}},
  author       = {{Jakobsson, Malva and Leuchovius, Signe}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{TVIT-5000}},
  title        = {{Mätstudie av effektutag och elanvändning i nio radhuslägenheter uppvärmda med frånluftsvärmepump}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}