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Predicting drop deformation - CFD-based modelling of high-pressure homogeniser valve inlet chamber

Wernersson, Linus LU and Chalfork, Hannes LU (2026) KLTM06 20261
Pharmaceutical Technology (master)
Food Technology and Nutrition (M.Sc.)
Abstract
High-pressure homogenisers (HPHs) are used for a variety of food products to create emul-sions. It is interesting both from a sustainable and economical perspective to make HPHs more energy efficient due to their high energy demand and low efficiency. Previous research has shown that drop deformation is affected by the whole HPH valve geometry, including the inlet chamber, and it is hypothesised that droplets can be primed for breakup.

This project aims to evaluate how well two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods predict viscous drop deformation in the inlet chamber of a lab-scale HPH valve model. The first method involves using mathematical models based on velocity gradient data from 1D discrete phase method (DPM) CFD... (More)
High-pressure homogenisers (HPHs) are used for a variety of food products to create emul-sions. It is interesting both from a sustainable and economical perspective to make HPHs more energy efficient due to their high energy demand and low efficiency. Previous research has shown that drop deformation is affected by the whole HPH valve geometry, including the inlet chamber, and it is hypothesised that droplets can be primed for breakup.

This project aims to evaluate how well two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods predict viscous drop deformation in the inlet chamber of a lab-scale HPH valve model. The first method involves using mathematical models based on velocity gradient data from 1D discrete phase method (DPM) CFD simulations. The second method includes a 2D Volume of Fluid (VoF) CFD simulation where the spatial resolution of the droplets is considered. Both methods were compared to experimental observations with respect to degree of defor-mation, location of deformation and to the dimensionless Capillary number.

Drop release events were recorded with a high-speed camera on an experimental HPH valve model with a gap height of 0.75 mm for three different volumetric flow rates. The record-ings show that the droplets start deforming at two gap lengths before the gap inlet and reach their maximum deformation within one gap length after the gap inlet. Lower volumetric flow rates give larger droplets and more deformation. A trend of increasing deformation with increasing Capillary number is shown for all three data series. However, each data set is separated from each other in the degree of formation at similar Capillary numbers. This suggests that the Capillary number does not capture the drop deformation on its own in this HPH valve setup.

For the 1D DPM method, two out of the three mathematical models predict the deformation well with regards to the degree of deformation. However, the position of the deformation maxima differed slightly from the experimental maxima for both models. This can be ex-plained by the 1D method considering the droplets as point objects, in contrast to the 2D VoF method which account for spatial resolution and predicts the location of the defor-mation maxima well. However, the 2D VoF simulations require an effective interfacial ten-sion 16 times higher than the real interfacial tension to yield similar degrees of deformation as the empirical data. Similar to the empirical data, the 2D VoF simulations show increasing degree of deformation with
increasing Capillary number. However, the 2D VoF method does not reproduce a clear sepa-ration in deformation magnitude between volumetric flow rates as experimentally observed.

These results show that both CFD methods predict drop deformation well. The 1D DPM method is advantageous since it requires significantly less computational power. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
I arbetet mot en mer hållbar livsmedelsproduktion är energiförbrukning en viktig fråga, inte minst inom mejeriindustrin. Mejeriindustrin kräver flera steg från råmjölk till färdig pro-dukt och för att kunna minska energiförbrukningen i mejerier behöver vi undersöka hur dessa processer kan optimeras. Idealt bör detta undersökas experimentellt, men fysiska experiment är tidskrävande och kan behöva dyr utrustning. Genom att matematiskt simulera processerna kan man med hjälp av bara datorn undersöka hur mjölkproduktionen kan göras mer effektiv. I detta fall genom att studera deformationsbeteende av fettdroppar i vätskeflöden.

Mjölk, komjölk såväl som växtbaserade alternativ, är emulsioner bestående av små fett-droppar i vattenlösning. Alla... (More)
I arbetet mot en mer hållbar livsmedelsproduktion är energiförbrukning en viktig fråga, inte minst inom mejeriindustrin. Mejeriindustrin kräver flera steg från råmjölk till färdig pro-dukt och för att kunna minska energiförbrukningen i mejerier behöver vi undersöka hur dessa processer kan optimeras. Idealt bör detta undersökas experimentellt, men fysiska experiment är tidskrävande och kan behöva dyr utrustning. Genom att matematiskt simulera processerna kan man med hjälp av bara datorn undersöka hur mjölkproduktionen kan göras mer effektiv. I detta fall genom att studera deformationsbeteende av fettdroppar i vätskeflöden.

Mjölk, komjölk såväl som växtbaserade alternativ, är emulsioner bestående av små fett-droppar i vattenlösning. Alla emulsioner kommer, för eller senare, att skikta sig då den feta fasen sammansluter och skiljer sig från vattenfasen. Hur lång tid denna process tar varierar, men ju mindre fettdropparna är desto längre tid tar det. Homogenisering är en mejeriteknisk pro-cess för att minska fettdropparnas storlek. Detta görs i en homogenisator där råmjölken pumpas in genom en ventil med en väldigt smal spalt, ungefär lika brett som ett hårstrå, un-der högt tryck. Detta görs att fettdropparna slås sönder och finfördelas vilket ger en homo-geniserad mjölk som inte skär sig, eller snarare skär sig långt efter att den surnat och blivit oduglig av andra skäl.
I princip all mjölk du köper i affären är homogeniserad.

Tidigare forskning har visat att fettdropparna går sönder strax efter spaltens utlopp. Däremot deformeras dropparna redan innan de kommet fram till spalten, i vad som kallas inloppskammaren. Den här processen har dock mycket låg effektivitet, bara 0.01% av energin som används går åt att slå sönder dropparna. Eftersom effektiviteten är så låg kan en liten ökning av effektiviteten ge stor påverkan i minskad energiförbrukning. Genom att förstå hur fett-dropparna deformeras i inloppskammaren och vilka metoder som kan användas för att förutse deform-ationsbeteendet, kan ventilen i homogenisatorn lättare konstrueras på ett sätt som minskar dess energibehov.

I det här examensarbetet undersöker vi hur fettdroppar beter sig i inloppskammaren och hur man kan modellera dem på ett enkelt sätt. Först undersöks hur droppar beter sig i en platt modell i labbskala med hjälp av en höghastighetskamera. Dropparna detekteras i varje bild och deformationen mäts. Därefter utförs två sorters simuleringar som mäter deformationen med numerisk strömningsmekanik vilket är sätt att matematiskt beräkna hur vätskor rör sig.

Resultaten visar att båda dessa simuleringar kan förutsäga hur dropparna i den experimen-tella uppsättningen deformeras på ett sätt som inte kräver mycket beräkningskraft. Det inne-bär att det i framtiden kanske inte krävs experimentell utrustning för att utforma effektivare homogenisatorventiler. Vilket kan underlätta framtida utveckling av homogenisatorer med minskad energiförbrukning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wernersson, Linus LU and Chalfork, Hannes LU
supervisor
organization
course
KLTM06 20261
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
HPH, High-pressure homogeniser, CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Weber model, Maffettone-Minale model, Dairy technology, Droplet deformation, Food engineering nutrition and food chemistry
language
English
id
9233020
date added to LUP
2026-06-10 15:04:59
date last changed
2026-06-10 15:04:59
@misc{9233020,
  abstract     = {{High-pressure homogenisers (HPHs) are used for a variety of food products to create emul-sions. It is interesting both from a sustainable and economical perspective to make HPHs more energy efficient due to their high energy demand and low efficiency. Previous research has shown that drop deformation is affected by the whole HPH valve geometry, including the inlet chamber, and it is hypothesised that droplets can be primed for breakup. 

This project aims to evaluate how well two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods predict viscous drop deformation in the inlet chamber of a lab-scale HPH valve model. The first method involves using mathematical models based on velocity gradient data from 1D discrete phase method (DPM) CFD simulations. The second method includes a 2D Volume of Fluid (VoF) CFD simulation where the spatial resolution of the droplets is considered. Both methods were compared to experimental observations with respect to degree of defor-mation, location of deformation and to the dimensionless Capillary number. 

Drop release events were recorded with a high-speed camera on an experimental HPH valve model with a gap height of 0.75 mm for three different volumetric flow rates. The record-ings show that the droplets start deforming at two gap lengths before the gap inlet and reach their maximum deformation within one gap length after the gap inlet. Lower volumetric flow rates give larger droplets and more deformation. A trend of increasing deformation with increasing Capillary number is shown for all three data series. However, each data set is separated from each other in the degree of formation at similar Capillary numbers. This suggests that the Capillary number does not capture the drop deformation on its own in this HPH valve setup. 

For the 1D DPM method, two out of the three mathematical models predict the deformation well with regards to the degree of deformation. However, the position of the deformation maxima differed slightly from the experimental maxima for both models. This can be ex-plained by the 1D method considering the droplets as point objects, in contrast to the 2D VoF method which account for spatial resolution and predicts the location of the defor-mation maxima well. However, the 2D VoF simulations require an effective interfacial ten-sion 16 times higher than the real interfacial tension to yield similar degrees of deformation as the empirical data. Similar to the empirical data, the 2D VoF simulations show increasing degree of deformation with 
increasing Capillary number. However, the 2D VoF method does not reproduce a clear sepa-ration in deformation magnitude between volumetric flow rates as experimentally observed. 

These results show that both CFD methods predict drop deformation well. The 1D DPM method is advantageous since it requires significantly less computational power.}},
  author       = {{Wernersson, Linus and Chalfork, Hannes}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Predicting drop deformation - CFD-based modelling of high-pressure homogeniser valve inlet chamber}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}