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Towards Circular Construction: Optimizing Brick-Mortar Bond Strength for Reusable Masonry in Cold Climate

Delin, Scarlett LU (2026) In 0349-4969 VBKM01 20261
Division of Structural Engineering
Abstract
Masonry reuse has gained increasing attention within sustainable construction due to the substantial use and the large environmental impact associated with construction and demolition waste. The bond between brick and mortar plays a critical role in both the structural performance of masonry and the potential for future brick reclamation. Strong brick–mortar bonds improve structural capacity but may reduce separability and increase the risk of brick damage during demolition and cleaning. This study therefore investigated how mortar composition, brick properties, and curing conditions influence flexural bond strength and failure behaviour in masonry couplets, with particular focus on implication for brick reuse.

Experimental testing was... (More)
Masonry reuse has gained increasing attention within sustainable construction due to the substantial use and the large environmental impact associated with construction and demolition waste. The bond between brick and mortar plays a critical role in both the structural performance of masonry and the potential for future brick reclamation. Strong brick–mortar bonds improve structural capacity but may reduce separability and increase the risk of brick damage during demolition and cleaning. This study therefore investigated how mortar composition, brick properties, and curing conditions influence flexural bond strength and failure behaviour in masonry couplets, with particular focus on implication for brick reuse.

Experimental testing was conducted using the bond wrench test according to SS-EN 1052-5. Three brick types and four mortar types were combined under both laboratory and cold–climate curing conditions, resulting in 24 different brick–mortar–curing combinations. The mortars varied in composition, compressive strength, air content, and water transport properties. Flexural bond strength and failure modes were evaluated for all combinations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA was performed to assess whether the investigated parameters had statistically significant effects on the measured flexural bond strength.

The measured flexural bond strength values ranged on an average from 0.06 MPa to 0.61 MPa. Mortar type was identified as the most influential parameter affecting flexural bond strength. The results indicated that mortar compressive strength alone could not explain the measured bond behaviour, since one mortar type achieved the highest compressive strength but did not produce the highest bond strength values. Instead, the findings suggest that bond development depends on the interaction between parameters such as mortar composition, air content, moisture transport properties, and brick absorption characteristics. Brick type also significantly influenced bond performance, while cold–climate curing generally reduced bond strength and increased variability, although its influence was smaller and less consistent than that of mortar and brick type.

Failure modes showed clear differences between mortar combinations and provided important insight into brick separability. Stronger mortar combinations frequently produced failure within the mortar bed or brick unit, increasing the risk of brick damage during separation. Weaker mortars more commonly resulted in interface-related failure, which is considered more favourable for brick reclamation. The results therefore suggest that moderate bond strengths may provide a more suitable balance between structural performance and reuse potential.

Overall, the study demonstrates that optimisation of masonry systems for both durability and circularity require a holistic approach considering not only mechanical strength, but also failure behaviour, moisture transport, and material compatibility at the brick–mortar interface. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Kan rätt murbruk göra framtidens tegel återanvändbart?

Varje år rivs byggnader som innehåller stora mängder fullt användbart tegel. Samtidigt står byggsektorn för en betydande del av samhällets resursförbrukning och avfall. Men hur bygger vi murverk som både fungerar idag och gör det möjligt att återanvända tegel i framtiden?

Att återbruka tegel istället för att tillverka nytt kan minska både klimatpåverkan och uttaget av naturresurser. I praktiken är det dock ofta svårt. När byggnader rivs sitter tegelstenarna vanligtvis fast så hårt i murbruket att de skadas och inte kan användas igen.

I detta examensarbete undersöktes hur valet av murbruk påverkar bindningen mellan tegel och murbruk. Genom laboratorieförsök testades olika... (More)
Kan rätt murbruk göra framtidens tegel återanvändbart?

Varje år rivs byggnader som innehåller stora mängder fullt användbart tegel. Samtidigt står byggsektorn för en betydande del av samhällets resursförbrukning och avfall. Men hur bygger vi murverk som både fungerar idag och gör det möjligt att återanvända tegel i framtiden?

Att återbruka tegel istället för att tillverka nytt kan minska både klimatpåverkan och uttaget av naturresurser. I praktiken är det dock ofta svårt. När byggnader rivs sitter tegelstenarna vanligtvis fast så hårt i murbruket att de skadas och inte kan användas igen.

I detta examensarbete undersöktes hur valet av murbruk påverkar bindningen mellan tegel och murbruk. Genom laboratorieförsök testades olika kombinationer av tegel och murbruk under både normala och kalla klimatförhållanden. Studien visar att murbrukets sammansättning hade störst betydelse för hur stark bindningen blev. Vissa murbruk skapade mycket stark bindning, vilket kan vara positivt för murverkets hållfasthet men samtidigt göra det svårare att frigöra tegelstenarna vid en framtida rivning.

Studien visar också att kalla klimatförhållanden generellt gav lägre bindningsstyrka och större variation i resultaten. Detta är särskilt relevant i nordiska länder där murverk ofta utsätts för låga temperaturer under byggskedet.

Resultaten bidrar till en ökad förståelse för sambandet mellan murverkets tekniska prestanda och möjligheten att återbruka tegel. Kunskapen kan användas av byggbranschen för att utveckla mer cirkulära byggmetoder där material inte bara väljs utifrån dagens krav, utan även med hänsyn till hur de kan tas till vara i framtiden. På så sätt kan morgondagens byggnader bli värdefulla materialbanker istället för framtida avfall.












Referens
Examensarbete vid avdelningen för konstruktionsteknik, Lunds Tekniska Högskola.
Delin, S. L. (2026) Towards Circular Construction: Optimizing Brick-Mortar Bond Strength for Reusable Masonry in Cold Climate. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Delin, Scarlett LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Mot cirkulärt byggande: Optimering av tegel-murbruks vidhäftningshållfasthet för återbrukbart murverk i kalla klimat
course
VBKM01 20261
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Masonry, Flexural bond strength, mortar composition, brick reclamation, sustainable construction, circular economy, masonry veneer, cement-lime mortar, cold climate curing, cold climate, Building materials, construction materials, Resource efficiency, compressive strength
publication/series
0349-4969
report number
26/5319
other publication id
LUTVDG/TVBK/26/5319
language
English
additional info
Examinator: Miklos Molnar
id
9235026
date added to LUP
2026-06-17 16:30:33
date last changed
2026-06-17 16:30:33
@misc{9235026,
  abstract     = {{Masonry reuse has gained increasing attention within sustainable construction due to the substantial use and the large environmental impact associated with construction and demolition waste. The bond between brick and mortar plays a critical role in both the structural performance of masonry and the potential for future brick reclamation. Strong brick–mortar bonds improve structural capacity but may reduce separability and increase the risk of brick damage during demolition and cleaning. This study therefore investigated how mortar composition, brick properties, and curing conditions influence flexural bond strength and failure behaviour in masonry couplets, with particular focus on implication for brick reuse.

Experimental testing was conducted using the bond wrench test according to SS-EN 1052-5. Three brick types and four mortar types were combined under both laboratory and cold–climate curing conditions, resulting in 24 different brick–mortar–curing combinations. The mortars varied in composition, compressive strength, air content, and water transport properties. Flexural bond strength and failure modes were evaluated for all combinations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA was performed to assess whether the investigated parameters had statistically significant effects on the measured flexural bond strength. 

The measured flexural bond strength values ranged on an average from 0.06 MPa to 0.61 MPa. Mortar type was identified as the most influential parameter affecting flexural bond strength. The results indicated that mortar compressive strength alone could not explain the measured bond behaviour, since one mortar type achieved the highest compressive strength but did not produce the highest bond strength values. Instead, the findings suggest that bond development depends on the interaction between parameters such as mortar composition, air content, moisture transport properties, and brick absorption characteristics. Brick type also significantly influenced bond performance, while cold–climate curing generally reduced bond strength and increased variability, although its influence was smaller and less consistent than that of mortar and brick type.

Failure modes showed clear differences between mortar combinations and provided important insight into brick separability. Stronger mortar combinations frequently produced failure within the mortar bed or brick unit, increasing the risk of brick damage during separation. Weaker mortars more commonly resulted in interface-related failure, which is considered more favourable for brick reclamation. The results therefore suggest that moderate bond strengths may provide a more suitable balance between structural performance and reuse potential.

Overall, the study demonstrates that optimisation of masonry systems for both durability and circularity require a holistic approach considering not only mechanical strength, but also failure behaviour, moisture transport, and material compatibility at the brick–mortar interface.}},
  author       = {{Delin, Scarlett}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{0349-4969}},
  title        = {{Towards Circular Construction: Optimizing Brick-Mortar Bond Strength for Reusable Masonry in Cold Climate}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}