Mastarbete i kyla
(1999) In Arbetslivsrapport- Abstract
- Désirée Gavhed, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmér. Work on masts in cold conditions. Arbetslivsrapport 1999:22.
Eight tower operators were studied in February during their ordinary duties in masts in four regions of Sweden. The activities of the workers were observed during a full working day and the skin temperature at seven spots, body temperature and heart rate were measured continuously. They also rated their thermal sensation and perceived exertion at several occasions. The air temperature varied between -13 and 3 °C and the wind speed between 1 and 13 m/s. The tasks were maintenance, mounting and exchange of equipment on the masts. The workload varied much during the day from very light (standing) to very heavy (climbing with... (More) - Désirée Gavhed, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmér. Work on masts in cold conditions. Arbetslivsrapport 1999:22.
Eight tower operators were studied in February during their ordinary duties in masts in four regions of Sweden. The activities of the workers were observed during a full working day and the skin temperature at seven spots, body temperature and heart rate were measured continuously. They also rated their thermal sensation and perceived exertion at several occasions. The air temperature varied between -13 and 3 °C and the wind speed between 1 and 13 m/s. The tasks were maintenance, mounting and exchange of equipment on the masts. The workload varied much during the day from very light (standing) to very heavy (climbing with loads). The oxygen consumption, measured during climbing, was 15 - 38 ml/kg·min. The majority (six out of eight) of mast workers were bothered by cold, five also by wind. Four had lower insulation than recommended according to the cold stress index IREQ. Six workers reported that they sweated during some part of the day. The face, the hands and the feet were reported as being the coldest body parts. This was probably mainly due to bad insulation in gloves and shoes, contact with cold surfaces, wind and periodically low physical activity. The finger temperature decreased to 6-14 °C. The lowest foot and toe temperature measured was 21 °C and 10 °C, respectively. All workers had lower toe temperatures than 18 °C at some occasion. Two workers were unsatisfied with the safety shoes. They were considered cold and uncomfortable. The weight gain in the socks and shoes was 6-94 g, which corresponded to an evaporation rate of above 2-13 g/h. The other work clothes used were considered to protect enough from cold. An improved flexibility of the coverall is recommended to let out excess heat. To reduce the risk of evaporative cooling of the feet, it is recommended that the footwear are detached at each break indoors. Electrical shoe heaters may be of good value to get rid of the accumulated moisture in the footwear. The shoe material should be flexible also in the cold. The sole material should not be stiff in the cold and give good friction against the mast construction snow and ice. There is a need for ergonomic improvement of the work gloves, concerning fit, design, insulation, protection against injuries and flexibility. Facilities for heating should be arranged. All mast huts should be heated. Hot air fans or radiators may be used for effective heating of cold body parts. In other conditions, heat bags can be used for cold prevention or heating. Finally, the study showed a need for good oxygen uptake capacity and good health at mast work. Moreover, good muscle power is required at lifting and lowering of equipment and tools.
Key words: cold, temperature, heart rate, oxygen consumption, wind, thermal sensation, workload, clothing, gloves, shoes (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- En fältstudie på åtta mastarbetare utfördes under februari i Svealand och Norrland.
Mastarbetarnas aktiviteter observerades under en vanlig arbetsdag i masten och hudtemperaturen
på sju ställen på kroppen, kroppstemperatur och hjärtfrekvens registrerades
kontinuerligt. De fick också skatta sin temperaturupplevelse och ansträngningsgrad
flera gånger under dagen. Lufttemperaturen varierade mellan -13 och 3 °C och vindhastigheten
mellan 1 och 13 m/s. Arbetsuppgifterna bestod av underhåll, montering och
byte av utrustning på masterna. Arbetstyngden varierade mycket under dagen från
mycket lätt (stillastående) till mycket tungt (klättring med börda). Syreförbrukningen
... (More) - En fältstudie på åtta mastarbetare utfördes under februari i Svealand och Norrland.
Mastarbetarnas aktiviteter observerades under en vanlig arbetsdag i masten och hudtemperaturen
på sju ställen på kroppen, kroppstemperatur och hjärtfrekvens registrerades
kontinuerligt. De fick också skatta sin temperaturupplevelse och ansträngningsgrad
flera gånger under dagen. Lufttemperaturen varierade mellan -13 och 3 °C och vindhastigheten
mellan 1 och 13 m/s. Arbetsuppgifterna bestod av underhåll, montering och
byte av utrustning på masterna. Arbetstyngden varierade mycket under dagen från
mycket lätt (stillastående) till mycket tungt (klättring med börda). Syreförbrukningen
uppmättes under klättring till 15 - 38 ml/kg·min.
De flesta (sex av åtta) kände sig besvärade av kyla under dagen, fem även av vind.
Fyra hade lägre isolation än rekommenderat enligt kylaindexet IREQ. Sex angav att de
var svettiga under någon del av dagen. Ansiktet, händerna och fötterna var de
kroppsdelar som kändes kallast. Det berodde sannolikt främst på dålig isolation hos
handskar och skor, kontakt med kalla ytor, vind och stundtals arbete mer eller mindre
stillastående. Fingertemperaturen sjönk ner till 6-14 °C.
Lägsta uppmätta fottemperatur och tåtemperatur var 21 °C resp. 10 °C. Alla hade tåtemperaturer
under 18 °C någon gång under dagen. Två av de åtta var inte nöjda med
skyddsskorna. De ansågs stela i kyla respektive vara obekväma. Viktökningen i sockor
och skor var 6-94 g, vilket motsvarade en avdunstningshastighet från fötterna på minst
2-13 g/tim. De övriga arbetskläderna som användes ansågs skydda tillräckligt mot kyla.
En ökad flexibilitet hos overallen vore önskvärd för att släppa överskottsvärme.
För att minska risken att fötterna kyls ner genom avdunstning av svett från fötterna,
rekommenderas att skor och stövlar tas av vid varje rast inomhus. Elektriska skotorkar
kan användas för att snabbt få bort fukten ur skorna. Materialet i skorna bör vara smidigt
även i kyla. Sulmaterialet får inte bli stelt i kyla utan måste ge god friktion mot
mastkonstruktionen, snö och is.
Handskarna behöver förbättras, gällande passform, design, isolation, skydd mot skador
och smidighet.
Uppvärmningsmöjligheter ska beredas. Masthus bör vara uppvärmda. Varmluftsfläkt
eller strålningselement kan användas för att effektivisera uppvärmning av kalla
kroppsdelar. I master som saknar dessa möjligheter kan värmepåsar användas för att förebygga
nedkylning eller för uppvärmning.
Slutligen visade studien att god syreupptagningsförmåga och god hälsa behövs vid
mastarbete med hänsyn till att arbetet innebär klättring, då både kroppsmassan och
tunga bördor ska förflyttas uppför maststegar och mastkonstruktioner. Även god muskelstyrka
behövs vid lyft och firning av teknisk utrustning och verktyg. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/635878
- author
- Gavhed, Désirée ; Kuklane, Kalev LU and Holmér, Ingvar LU
- organization
- publishing date
- 1999
- type
- Book/Report
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- handskar, skor, arbetskläder, arbetstyngd, temperaturupplevelse, vind, syreupptagningsförmåga, hjärtfrekvens, kyla, temperatur
- in
- Arbetslivsrapport
- pages
- 23 pages
- publisher
- Arbetslivsinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- report number
- 1999:22
- ISSN
- 1401-2928
- language
- Swedish
- LU publication?
- no
- id
- 7ab61a24-9285-44fa-88cc-c867005a0b49 (old id 635878)
- alternative location
- http://ebib.sub.su.se/arb/1999/arb1999_22.pdf
- date added to LUP
- 2016-04-01 16:08:38
- date last changed
- 2018-11-21 20:39:05
@techreport{7ab61a24-9285-44fa-88cc-c867005a0b49,
abstract = {{Désirée Gavhed, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmér. Work on masts in cold conditions. Arbetslivsrapport 1999:22. <br/><br>
Eight tower operators were studied in February during their ordinary duties in masts in four regions of Sweden. The activities of the workers were observed during a full working day and the skin temperature at seven spots, body temperature and heart rate were measured continuously. They also rated their thermal sensation and perceived exertion at several occasions. The air temperature varied between -13 and 3 °C and the wind speed between 1 and 13 m/s. The tasks were maintenance, mounting and exchange of equipment on the masts. The workload varied much during the day from very light (standing) to very heavy (climbing with loads). The oxygen consumption, measured during climbing, was 15 - 38 ml/kg·min. The majority (six out of eight) of mast workers were bothered by cold, five also by wind. Four had lower insulation than recommended according to the cold stress index IREQ. Six workers reported that they sweated during some part of the day. The face, the hands and the feet were reported as being the coldest body parts. This was probably mainly due to bad insulation in gloves and shoes, contact with cold surfaces, wind and periodically low physical activity. The finger temperature decreased to 6-14 °C. The lowest foot and toe temperature measured was 21 °C and 10 °C, respectively. All workers had lower toe temperatures than 18 °C at some occasion. Two workers were unsatisfied with the safety shoes. They were considered cold and uncomfortable. The weight gain in the socks and shoes was 6-94 g, which corresponded to an evaporation rate of above 2-13 g/h. The other work clothes used were considered to protect enough from cold. An improved flexibility of the coverall is recommended to let out excess heat. To reduce the risk of evaporative cooling of the feet, it is recommended that the footwear are detached at each break indoors. Electrical shoe heaters may be of good value to get rid of the accumulated moisture in the footwear. The shoe material should be flexible also in the cold. The sole material should not be stiff in the cold and give good friction against the mast construction snow and ice. There is a need for ergonomic improvement of the work gloves, concerning fit, design, insulation, protection against injuries and flexibility. Facilities for heating should be arranged. All mast huts should be heated. Hot air fans or radiators may be used for effective heating of cold body parts. In other conditions, heat bags can be used for cold prevention or heating. Finally, the study showed a need for good oxygen uptake capacity and good health at mast work. Moreover, good muscle power is required at lifting and lowering of equipment and tools.<br/><br>
Key words: cold, temperature, heart rate, oxygen consumption, wind, thermal sensation, workload, clothing, gloves, shoes}},
author = {{Gavhed, Désirée and Kuklane, Kalev and Holmér, Ingvar}},
institution = {{Arbetslivsinstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden}},
issn = {{1401-2928}},
keywords = {{handskar; skor; arbetskläder; arbetstyngd; temperaturupplevelse; vind; syreupptagningsförmåga; hjärtfrekvens; kyla; temperatur}},
language = {{swe}},
number = {{1999:22}},
series = {{Arbetslivsrapport}},
title = {{Mastarbete i kyla}},
url = {{http://ebib.sub.su.se/arb/1999/arb1999_22.pdf}},
year = {{1999}},
}