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On the validity of neurodevelopmental disorders

Hansson, Sara Lina LU (2015) In Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series 2016:1.
Abstract
Abstract



Introduction: Validity is important at different levels in psychiatry. Valid structured instruments are important aids in screening and diagnostics, in both research and clinical practice. An aim of the diagnostic procedure is to yield valid diagnoses. Ultimately, the validity of structured instruments (non-empirical) and clinical diagnoses depends on the validity of the diagnostic classification system and its constructs.



Aims and methods: (1) To validate the Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), developed for screening in large-scale studies, against clinical diagnoses and an established screening instrument (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). (2) To determine... (More)
Abstract



Introduction: Validity is important at different levels in psychiatry. Valid structured instruments are important aids in screening and diagnostics, in both research and clinical practice. An aim of the diagnostic procedure is to yield valid diagnoses. Ultimately, the validity of structured instruments (non-empirical) and clinical diagnoses depends on the validity of the diagnostic classification system and its constructs.



Aims and methods: (1) To validate the Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), developed for screening in large-scale studies, against clinical diagnoses and an established screening instrument (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). (2) To determine prevalence rates and distributions of neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs) and general psychiatric problems as well as patterns of co-occurrence in a general population sample according to the A-TAC. (3) To qualitatively explore patients’ own experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD as an adult in an attempt to validate the diagnosis from a patient perspective.



Results: The A-TAC showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥0.97). ICCs for test-retest reliability were 0.77-0.97 for most modules. AUCs were around 0.90 for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and ADHD, and 0.71-0.84 for the other NDPs. Optimal cut-offs gave sensitivity around 0.90 and specificity around 0.75 for ASDs and ADHD. Cohen’s κ was > 0.60 for ASDs and ADHD. Sensitivity and Cohen’s κ were lower for the other NDPs. The A-TAC had moderate convergent validity with the CBCL on subscales that tended to target the same areas, but provided a more detailed and specific assessment of ASDs and related NDPs. Problems were continuously distributed and highly inter-correlated across types. There was a complex intra- and inter-individual variation of experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD, focused on diagnosis, identity, and life, but positive experiences were dominant. All but one interviewee expressed important positive consequences of being diagnosed. About half of them acknowledged negative aspects, but none regretted going through the neuropsychiatric evaluation.



Conclusions: The results support the reliability and validity of the A-TAC in identifying ASDs, ADHD, and common comorbid NDPs. From a patient perspective, an ADHD diagnosis brings major benefits compared to the undiagnosed situation. Knowledge of an individual’s experiences is important for professionals as they can affect well-being and interfere with different treatments. Negative experiences especially might need to be addressed in the treatment work. Using the patient’s perspective may help validate psychiatric diagnoses, and is consistent with the idea of incorporating consequences into the concept of validity. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Introduktion: Validitet handlar enkelt uttryckt om överensstämmelse med sanningen eller exempelvis om ett instrument mäter det som är avsett. Validitet kan också ses som ett mer komplext begrepp, innefattande aspekter som nytta, relevans, värderingar och sociala konsekvenser. Validitet förutsätter reliabilitet som är ett mått på tillförlitlighet, noggrannhet eller reproducerbarhet.



Validitet är av betydelse på olika nivåer inom psykiatrin. Det är viktigt att olika strukturerade instrument är valida för att de ska vara till hjälp vid screening och diagnostik, såväl i klinisk verksamhet som i forskning. Ett syfte med klinisk diagnostik är att ställa valida diagnoser som grund... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Introduktion: Validitet handlar enkelt uttryckt om överensstämmelse med sanningen eller exempelvis om ett instrument mäter det som är avsett. Validitet kan också ses som ett mer komplext begrepp, innefattande aspekter som nytta, relevans, värderingar och sociala konsekvenser. Validitet förutsätter reliabilitet som är ett mått på tillförlitlighet, noggrannhet eller reproducerbarhet.



Validitet är av betydelse på olika nivåer inom psykiatrin. Det är viktigt att olika strukturerade instrument är valida för att de ska vara till hjälp vid screening och diagnostik, såväl i klinisk verksamhet som i forskning. Ett syfte med klinisk diagnostik är att ställa valida diagnoser som grund för beslut om behandling. Ytterst är validiteten hos olika instrument (icke-empiriska) liksom kliniska diagnoser beroende av de diagnostiska definitionernas validitet.



Syfte och metod: Avhandlingen belyser utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsavvikelser exempelvis ADHD och autismspektrumtillstånd ur ett validitetsperspektiv och har följande specifika syften: (1) Validering av instrumentet Autism – Tics, ADHD and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), utvecklat för screening av barn och ungdomar för utvecklingsrelaterade avvikelser och annan psykiatrisk problematik, i storskaliga forskningsstudier. Valideringen sker genom jämförelse med dels kliniska diagnoser, dels Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) som är ett väletablerat screeninginstrument. (2) Bestämning av prevalens och fördelning av utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsavvikelser, liksom bilden av samsjuklighet, i den allmänna befolkningen enligt A-TAC. (3) Kvalitativ undersökning av patientens egna erfarenheter av att bli diagnostiserad med ADHD i vuxen ålder, vilket kan ses som en ansats till att validera diagnosen ur ett patientperspektiv.



Resultat: A-TAC uppvisade god till utmärkt reliabilitet för de flesta problemområden. Validiteten var särskilt god när det gäller att identifiera ADHD och autismspektrumtillstånd (AUC ≈ 0.90, sensitivitet ≈ 0.90, specificitet ≈ 0.75 och Cohen’s κ > 0.60), men acceptabel även när det gäller tics, störd

utveckling av koordinationsförmågan (DCD) och inlärningssvårigheter/intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Måttligt starka korrelationer erhölls mellan A-TAC-moduler och CBCL-skalor riktade mot likartad problematik. A-TAC inriktar sig mer på specifik och detaljerad genomgång av utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsavvikelser. Problemen uppvisade kontinuerlig fördelning och en hög grad av samsjuklighet förelåg. Det förelåg en stor intra- och interindividuell variation av erfarenheter av att bli diagnostiserad med ADHD, men positiva erfarenheter var dominerande. Erfarenheterna var fokuserade kring inställning till diagnosen och hur diagnosen påverkat identiteten och livet. Samtliga deltagare utom en uttryckte starkt positiva konsekvenser av diagnostisering i jämförelse med att leva med odiagnostiserad ADHD. Drygt hälften av deltagarna uttryckte negativa erfarenheter, men ingen ångrade utredningen och samtliga uppgav att de skulle ha valt att bli utredda i dag om de fortfarande varit odiagnostiserade.



Slutsats: A-TAC tycks ha god reliabilitet och validitet när det gäller att identifiera autismspektrumtillstånd, ADHD och andra utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsavvikelser. Utifrån ett patientperspektiv tycks diagnostisering med ADHD i vårt material övervägande vara förenat med positiva konsekvenser i jämförelse med hur det är att leva med odiagnostiserad ADHD. Vetskap om individens kombination av erfarenheter är viktig eftersom dessa erfarenheter kan påverka måendet och interferera med olika behandlingar. Individen kan särskilt behöva hjälp med att hantera negativa erfarenheter. Att använda patientens perspektiv som en del i valideringen av psykiatriska diagnoser är i enlighet med att konsekvenser ses som en del i validitetsbegreppet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • MD, PhD Posserud, Maj-Britt, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Validity, screening, comorbidity, patient experience, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism, ADHD, A-TAC, reliability
in
Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
volume
2016:1
pages
156 pages
publisher
Lunds universitet, Medicinska fakulteten, Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper Lund
defense location
CRC auditorium, ingång 72, Skånes universitetssjukhus i Malmö
defense date
2016-01-07 13:00:00
ISSN
1652-8220
ISBN
978-91-7619-226-9
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
742522c3-9e74-44ed-8e20-ee6891106cf2 (old id 8232396)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 14:53:01
date last changed
2019-05-22 06:31:39
@phdthesis{742522c3-9e74-44ed-8e20-ee6891106cf2,
  abstract     = {{Abstract<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Introduction: Validity is important at different levels in psychiatry. Valid structured instruments are important aids in screening and diagnostics, in both research and clinical practice. An aim of the diagnostic procedure is to yield valid diagnoses. Ultimately, the validity of structured instruments (non-empirical) and clinical diagnoses depends on the validity of the diagnostic classification system and its constructs.<br/><br>
 <br/><br>
Aims and methods: (1) To validate the Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), developed for screening in large-scale studies, against clinical diagnoses and an established screening instrument (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). (2) To determine prevalence rates and distributions of neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs) and general psychiatric problems as well as patterns of co-occurrence in a general population sample according to the A-TAC. (3) To qualitatively explore patients’ own experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD as an adult in an attempt to validate the diagnosis from a patient perspective.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Results: The A-TAC showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥0.97). ICCs for test-retest reliability were 0.77-0.97 for most modules. AUCs were around 0.90 for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and ADHD, and 0.71-0.84 for the other NDPs. Optimal cut-offs gave sensitivity around 0.90 and specificity around 0.75 for ASDs and ADHD. Cohen’s κ was &gt; 0.60 for ASDs and ADHD. Sensitivity and Cohen’s κ were lower for the other NDPs. The A-TAC had moderate convergent validity with the CBCL on subscales that tended to target the same areas, but provided a more detailed and specific assessment of ASDs and related NDPs. Problems were continuously distributed and highly inter-correlated across types. There was a complex intra- and inter-individual variation of experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD, focused on diagnosis, identity, and life, but positive experiences were dominant. All but one interviewee expressed important positive consequences of being diagnosed. About half of them acknowledged negative aspects, but none regretted going through the neuropsychiatric evaluation.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Conclusions: The results support the reliability and validity of the A-TAC in identifying ASDs, ADHD, and common comorbid NDPs. From a patient perspective, an ADHD diagnosis brings major benefits compared to the undiagnosed situation. Knowledge of an individual’s experiences is important for professionals as they can affect well-being and interfere with different treatments. Negative experiences especially might need to be addressed in the treatment work. Using the patient’s perspective may help validate psychiatric diagnoses, and is consistent with the idea of incorporating consequences into the concept of validity.}},
  author       = {{Hansson, Sara Lina}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-7619-226-9}},
  issn         = {{1652-8220}},
  keywords     = {{Validity; screening; comorbidity; patient experience; neurodevelopmental disorders; autism; ADHD; A-TAC; reliability}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Lunds universitet, Medicinska fakulteten, Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper Lund}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series}},
  title        = {{On the validity of neurodevelopmental disorders}},
  volume       = {{2016:1}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}