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Mechanical stiffness grades metastatic potential in patient tumor cells and in cancer cell lines

Swaminathan, Vinay LU ; Mythreye, Karthikeyan ; O'Brien, E Tim ; Berchuck, Andrew ; Blobe, Gerard C and Superfine, Richard (2011) In Cancer Research 71(15). p.80-5075
Abstract

Cancer cells are defined by their ability to invade through the basement membrane, a critical step during metastasis. While increased secretion of proteases, which facilitates degradation of the basement membrane, and alterations in the cytoskeletal architecture of cancer cells have been previously studied, the contribution of the mechanical properties of cells in invasion is unclear. Here, we applied a magnetic tweezer system to establish that stiffness of patient tumor cells and cancer cell lines inversely correlates with migration and invasion through three-dimensional basement membranes, a correlation known as a power law. We found that cancer cells with the highest migratory and invasive potential are five times less stiff than... (More)

Cancer cells are defined by their ability to invade through the basement membrane, a critical step during metastasis. While increased secretion of proteases, which facilitates degradation of the basement membrane, and alterations in the cytoskeletal architecture of cancer cells have been previously studied, the contribution of the mechanical properties of cells in invasion is unclear. Here, we applied a magnetic tweezer system to establish that stiffness of patient tumor cells and cancer cell lines inversely correlates with migration and invasion through three-dimensional basement membranes, a correlation known as a power law. We found that cancer cells with the highest migratory and invasive potential are five times less stiff than cells with the lowest migration and invasion potential. Moreover, decreasing cell stiffness by pharmacologic inhibition of myosin II increases invasiveness, whereas increasing cell stiffness by restoring expression of the metastasis suppressor TβRIII/betaglycan decreases invasiveness. These findings are the first demonstration of the power-law relation between the stiffness and the invasiveness of cancer cells and show that mechanical phenotypes can be used to grade the metastatic potential of cell populations with the potential for single cell grading. The measurement of a mechanical phenotype, taking minutes rather than hours needed for invasion assays, is promising as a quantitative diagnostic method and as a discovery tool for therapeutics. By showing that altering stiffness predictably alters invasiveness, our results indicate that pathways regulating these mechanical phenotypes are novel targets for molecular therapy of cancer.

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@article{d520deac-7897-41f7-8ac5-189435f41e12,
  abstract     = {{<p>Cancer cells are defined by their ability to invade through the basement membrane, a critical step during metastasis. While increased secretion of proteases, which facilitates degradation of the basement membrane, and alterations in the cytoskeletal architecture of cancer cells have been previously studied, the contribution of the mechanical properties of cells in invasion is unclear. Here, we applied a magnetic tweezer system to establish that stiffness of patient tumor cells and cancer cell lines inversely correlates with migration and invasion through three-dimensional basement membranes, a correlation known as a power law. We found that cancer cells with the highest migratory and invasive potential are five times less stiff than cells with the lowest migration and invasion potential. Moreover, decreasing cell stiffness by pharmacologic inhibition of myosin II increases invasiveness, whereas increasing cell stiffness by restoring expression of the metastasis suppressor TβRIII/betaglycan decreases invasiveness. These findings are the first demonstration of the power-law relation between the stiffness and the invasiveness of cancer cells and show that mechanical phenotypes can be used to grade the metastatic potential of cell populations with the potential for single cell grading. The measurement of a mechanical phenotype, taking minutes rather than hours needed for invasion assays, is promising as a quantitative diagnostic method and as a discovery tool for therapeutics. By showing that altering stiffness predictably alters invasiveness, our results indicate that pathways regulating these mechanical phenotypes are novel targets for molecular therapy of cancer.</p>}},
  author       = {{Swaminathan, Vinay and Mythreye, Karthikeyan and O'Brien, E Tim and Berchuck, Andrew and Blobe, Gerard C and Superfine, Richard}},
  issn         = {{1538-7445}},
  keywords     = {{Actomyosin/physiology; Ascites/pathology; Cell Line, Tumor/cytology; Cell Movement/drug effects; Cell Shape/drug effects; Collagen; Compliance; Drug Combinations; Drug Design; Female; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology; Humans; Laminin; Magnetics/instrumentation; Micromanipulation/instrumentation; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Microspheres; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Myosin Type II/antagonists & inhibitors; Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology; Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology; Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology; Proteoglycans/physiology; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology; Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{08}},
  number       = {{15}},
  pages        = {{80--5075}},
  publisher    = {{American Association for Cancer Research Inc.}},
  series       = {{Cancer Research}},
  title        = {{Mechanical stiffness grades metastatic potential in patient tumor cells and in cancer cell lines}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0247}},
  doi          = {{10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0247}},
  volume       = {{71}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}