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The role of exocrine pancreas for feed intake and growth. Studies in a model with exocrine pancreatic insufficient young pigs.

Fedkiv, Olexandr LU (2009)
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), resulting from disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis) or surgery (e.g. pancreectomy or pancreas duct ligation), leads to disorders in the digestive system, such as, maldigestion, malabsorption and finally malnutrition. Pancreatic duct-ligated (PDL) pigs have been used as a suitable large-animal model to study the conditions and treatment of EPI.



The main objectives of this thesis were to highlight the role of the exocrine pancreas in the growth and performance of young mammals. For that reason the EPI-pig model was evaluated and tested. The results showed a difference in the response to induced EPI by duct-ligation of different-aged pigs. Pigs that underwent PDL at... (More)
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), resulting from disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis) or surgery (e.g. pancreectomy or pancreas duct ligation), leads to disorders in the digestive system, such as, maldigestion, malabsorption and finally malnutrition. Pancreatic duct-ligated (PDL) pigs have been used as a suitable large-animal model to study the conditions and treatment of EPI.



The main objectives of this thesis were to highlight the role of the exocrine pancreas in the growth and performance of young mammals. For that reason the EPI-pig model was evaluated and tested. The results showed a difference in the response to induced EPI by duct-ligation of different-aged pigs. Pigs that underwent PDL at an age of 7 weeks showed arrested growth, while pigs that underwent PDL at 16 weeks showed normal growth. Dietary supplementation with a porcine pancreatic enzyme preparation (PEP) restored growth of pigs. Moreover, dietary supplementation with PEP stimulated feed intake and growth in un-operated pigs.



To evaluate the role of the exocrine pancreas for nutrient utilization, pigs were infused with an elemental diet (mimicking a digested diet) either alone or with oral PEP supplementation. Although the elemental diet was sufficient in maintaining normal growth in intact pigs, EPI-pigs showed growth arrest even the elemental diet was given. However, oral PEP supplementation partially restored the growth of these EPI-pigs infused with the elemental diet. This indicates that the exocrine pancreas, in addition to its digestive function, affects nutrient utilization by improving anabolism in young rapid-growing pigs.



The changes of the gut in EPI pigs were manifested by increased intestinal permeability and increase of mucin-producing cells in jejunum. Moreover, in pigs duct-ligated at 7 weeks of age the gut morphology showed decrease of stomach mucosa in fundus and atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, while gut morphology of older pigs, ligated at 16 weeks of age, were similar to un-operated intact pigs. These results suggest that intestinal absorptive capacity was reduced in younger, but not in older EPI pigs. However, the brush border disaccharidases activities and non-pancreatic hydrolases-like activities in the small intestine were similar in both of these groups. In addition, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue appear to enhance only in older EPI pigs



In conclusion, the EPI pig model conclusively shows the important role of exocrine pancreatic function for performance of fast-growing animals. The exocrine pancreas function is indispensable in early life but its importance decreases with age. Apart from the digestive function, the exocrine pancreas plays an essential role in post-absorptive nutrient utilization in young pigs. The compensatory mechanisms to EPI and capacity to digest and absorb the diet are age-related and appear to depend on the maturity of the gut. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Bukspottkörteln (pankreas) består av en sekretorisk (exokrin) del, som producerar pankreassaft innehållande olika matspjälkningsenzymer vilka medverkar vid nedbrytningen av födan i tarmen, samt en hormoninsöndrande (endokrin) del, som producerar insulin och andra hormon vilka reglerar näringsomsättningen i kroppen. Vid en underproduktion av enzymer, exokrin pankreatisk insufficiens (EPI), som kan uppstå vid sjukdom, såsom cystisk fibros och kronisk pankreasinflammation, eller efter kirurgiska ingrepp, såsom pankreatotomi och ligering av pankreas utförsgång, uppstår olika problem i mag-tarmkanalen som leder till försämrad matsmältning och näringsupptag och slutligen undernäring. Grisar, vars... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Bukspottkörteln (pankreas) består av en sekretorisk (exokrin) del, som producerar pankreassaft innehållande olika matspjälkningsenzymer vilka medverkar vid nedbrytningen av födan i tarmen, samt en hormoninsöndrande (endokrin) del, som producerar insulin och andra hormon vilka reglerar näringsomsättningen i kroppen. Vid en underproduktion av enzymer, exokrin pankreatisk insufficiens (EPI), som kan uppstå vid sjukdom, såsom cystisk fibros och kronisk pankreasinflammation, eller efter kirurgiska ingrepp, såsom pankreatotomi och ligering av pankreas utförsgång, uppstår olika problem i mag-tarmkanalen som leder till försämrad matsmältning och näringsupptag och slutligen undernäring. Grisar, vars pankreas utförsgång ligerats (PDL), har används som en lämplig modell för att studera hur EPI verkar och hur man kan behandla densamma.

Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling har varit att belysa exokrina pankreas betydelse för funktion och tillväxt och av unga växande däggdjur. Därför utvärderades användbarheten av EPI-grisar för sådana studier i vårt lab. Efter operation och PDL upphörde tillväxten av grisarna, emedan tillsats till födan av ett enzympreparat utvunnet från grispankreas (PEP) normaliserade tillväxten. Våra resultat visade också på en skillnad i känslighet för PDL i olika åldersgrupper av grisar. Grisar som opererades vid 7 veckors ålder stannade i tillväxt medan 16 veckor gamla EPI-grisar fortsatte att växa närmast normalt. Detta tyder på att de äldre grisarna utvecklat kompensatoriska mekanismer och därför inte var lika beroende av bukspottkörtelns funktion som de yngre grisarna. Dessutom visades att om man tillsätter enzympreparatet till födan till normala icke-opererade grisar så stimuleras även deras födointag och tillväxt.

För att vidare studera exokrina pankreas betydelse för näringsutnyttjande i kroppen, infunderades opererade EPI-grisar och normala kontrollgrisar med en fullvärdig näringslösning där näringsämnena redan är nedbrutna. Kontrollgrisarna växte normalt om de gavs denna näringslösnig medan EPI-grisarna stannade i växten. Om EPI-grisarna däremot gavs näringslösning i kombination med att de fick äta enzympreparatet i en liten mängd foder, så ökade tillväxten betydligt. Detta tyder på att pankreassaft (och enzympreparatet), utöver sina enzymatiska födonedbrytande egenskaper, också påverkar näringsutnyttjande och därmed tillväxten av unga växande grisar.

De kompensatoriska förändringar i mag-tarmkanalens struktur och funktion som uppstår vid EPI undersöktes i olika åldersgrupper av EPI grisar. Oberoende av ålder så försvann de enzym som härrör ur pankreassaften från tunntarmens innehåll och istället dök det upp nya enzymaktiviteter med okänt ursprung i innehållet. Strukturella studier visade på en minskad slemhinna i magen och i tunntarm hos grisar som opererats vid 7 veckors ålder, men inte i de äldre grisarna som opererats vid 16 veckors ålder. Trots att inga förändringar förelåg i enzymaktiviteten (disackaridaser) i tunntarmens slemhinna så resulterade EPI i en ökad genomsläpplighet av slemhinnan jämfört med normala grisar. Detta tyder på en försämring av tarmens barriäregenskaper för främmande ämnen, en förändring i linje med den ökade lymfioda (immunförsvar) vävnaden som observerades i tarmen från EPI grisar.

Sammanfattningsvis, så visar modellen med EPI grisar betydelsen av exokrina pankreas för funktion och tillväxt av unga växande däggdjur, men där betydelsen avtar med åldern. Förutom sin roll för nedbrytning av näringen så spelar exokrina pankreas uppenbarligen också en viktig roll för utnyttjandet av näringen i kroppen. De kompensatoriska mekanismer som sker vid EPI och i förmågan att bryta ner och absorbera dieten är åldersberoende och verkar därmed bero på mag-tarmkanalens mognad. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Dr. Ir. Jansman, Alfons, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, Netherlands
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pigs, pancreatic duct ligation, adaptation
pages
98 pages
publisher
Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University
defense location
Animal Physiology Building, Helgonavägen 3B, Lund
defense date
2009-11-26 09:30:00
ISBN
978-91-85067-59-6
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
The information about affiliations in this record was updated in December 2015. The record was previously connected to the following departments: Department of Cell and Organism Biology (Closed 2011.) (011002100)
id
8d198e05-e05d-4dd1-81a5-06ed5ac1da0e (old id 2202155)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 11:03:47
date last changed
2018-11-21 21:02:26
@phdthesis{8d198e05-e05d-4dd1-81a5-06ed5ac1da0e,
  abstract     = {{Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), resulting from disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis) or surgery (e.g. pancreectomy or pancreas duct ligation), leads to disorders in the digestive system, such as, maldigestion, malabsorption and finally malnutrition. Pancreatic duct-ligated (PDL) pigs have been used as a suitable large-animal model to study the conditions and treatment of EPI. <br/><br>
<br/><br>
The main objectives of this thesis were to highlight the role of the exocrine pancreas in the growth and performance of young mammals. For that reason the EPI-pig model was evaluated and tested. The results showed a difference in the response to induced EPI by duct-ligation of different-aged pigs. Pigs that underwent PDL at an age of 7 weeks showed arrested growth, while pigs that underwent PDL at 16 weeks showed normal growth. Dietary supplementation with a porcine pancreatic enzyme preparation (PEP) restored growth of pigs. Moreover, dietary supplementation with PEP stimulated feed intake and growth in un-operated pigs.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
To evaluate the role of the exocrine pancreas for nutrient utilization, pigs were infused with an elemental diet (mimicking a digested diet) either alone or with oral PEP supplementation. Although the elemental diet was sufficient in maintaining normal growth in intact pigs, EPI-pigs showed growth arrest even the elemental diet was given. However, oral PEP supplementation partially restored the growth of these EPI-pigs infused with the elemental diet. This indicates that the exocrine pancreas, in addition to its digestive function, affects nutrient utilization by improving anabolism in young rapid-growing pigs.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The changes of the gut in EPI pigs were manifested by increased intestinal permeability and increase of mucin-producing cells in jejunum. Moreover, in pigs duct-ligated at 7 weeks of age the gut morphology showed decrease of stomach mucosa in fundus and atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, while gut morphology of older pigs, ligated at 16 weeks of age, were similar to un-operated intact pigs. These results suggest that intestinal absorptive capacity was reduced in younger, but not in older EPI pigs. However, the brush border disaccharidases activities and non-pancreatic hydrolases-like activities in the small intestine were similar in both of these groups. In addition, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue appear to enhance only in older EPI pigs <br/><br>
<br/><br>
In conclusion, the EPI pig model conclusively shows the important role of exocrine pancreatic function for performance of fast-growing animals. The exocrine pancreas function is indispensable in early life but its importance decreases with age. Apart from the digestive function, the exocrine pancreas plays an essential role in post-absorptive nutrient utilization in young pigs. The compensatory mechanisms to EPI and capacity to digest and absorb the diet are age-related and appear to depend on the maturity of the gut.}},
  author       = {{Fedkiv, Olexandr}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-85067-59-6}},
  keywords     = {{exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; pigs; pancreatic duct ligation; adaptation}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{The role of exocrine pancreas for feed intake and growth. Studies in a model with exocrine pancreatic insufficient young pigs.}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}