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Reducing water damage by using a holistic approach to costs, occurrence and solutions in buildings

Mattsson, Christian LU orcid (2023)
Abstract
A large amount of water damage cases and resources are annually reported and spent on water damage in Sweden from cases occurring in buildings from building services such as tap water-, sewage, heating systems, household appliances such as refrigerators, freezers and dishwashers and inadequate waterproof membranes in wet rooms. These water damage cases in buildings cause several problems in the built environment regarding economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability such as unhealthy indoor environments due to higher levels of moisture, mold growth, and redundant usage of building materials and resources in reparations and renovations of water damaged constructions, immense amounts of monetary resources spent annually by... (More)
A large amount of water damage cases and resources are annually reported and spent on water damage in Sweden from cases occurring in buildings from building services such as tap water-, sewage, heating systems, household appliances such as refrigerators, freezers and dishwashers and inadequate waterproof membranes in wet rooms. These water damage cases in buildings cause several problems in the built environment regarding economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability such as unhealthy indoor environments due to higher levels of moisture, mold growth, and redundant usage of building materials and resources in reparations and renovations of water damaged constructions, immense amounts of monetary resources spent annually by both residents, building owners and insurance companies to restore the buildings to their designed purpose.
This thesis aimed to reduce water damage occurrence and costs in buildings by outlining a holistic approach to the aspects of sustainability, occurrence, costs and solutions. Using qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the state-of-the-art water damage research field, this thesis conducted several analyses to determine the occurrence, costs and solutions of water damage in the buildings. To reduce the impact and effects of water damage in buildings this thesis used empirical statistical data, parametric analysis, and a holistic approach regarding factors such as building purpose/type, extent of occurrence and causes, effects of the damage, different stakeholders and different solutions. A model was proposed regarding key figures, water damage causes, age distribution of reported damage cases, and estimated repair costs depending on the water damage cause and origin, to consider during the different phases, design, construction and operation, of the building.
The results of the thesis found that there exists a gap in the research and data collection of water damage occurrence, costs and consequences in buildings such as multi-family and non-residential buildings. The research conducted often includes the studied type of water damage cases in this thesis; building service systems, appliances and waterproof membranes, within the fields of building pathology and building defects but does not explicitly study the causes, associated costs and occurrence from different water supply systems and different origins within the building. The consequences of water damage from building services and installations, such as environmental and social impact are not often regarded.
The associated costs of water damage for the studied part of the building stock, were calculated to amount to approximately 1.1 billion € per year (12.6 billion SEK) including repairs of water-damaged buildings, single-, multi-, and public buildings, and insurance costs covered by the residents, such as deductible and age reduction costs. Solutions identified, that could be a part of the solution to reduce the occurrence, cost and consequences of water damage, were both passive and active technical solutions together with structures and information regarding the management and operation during the different phases of the building life cycle. The model presented causes and water damage cases, reported by the insurance industry, with the costliest repairs occurring due to corrosion, age/wear, and freezing damage, followed by faulty waterproof membranes and connection of membranes to drains and then refrigerators/freezers and dishwashers. Moreover, the expected time before water damage was reported was found to be most frequent in the first 10-year period after installation for several water damage causes reported in single-family buildings.
The thesis concluded, with the use of the holistic approach and the presented model of monetary resources spent on water damage and the associated costs, that if actions are taken to reduce water damage cases the immense resources that are annually allocated to water damage could be reduced, it could also reduce the unnecessary use of resources in replacing and repairing damaged material with existing service life, it also could decrease the associated costs, decrease the moisture, and water levels in buildings and could have the potential to improve the sustainability in the building sector and allocate the resource to other areas such as measures to improve the indoor environment and reducing the carbon emissions. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det rapporteras många fall och spenderas årligen stora mängder av resurser på vattenskador i byggnader i Sverige. Vattenskador som uppkommer på grund av läckage och utströmning av vatten från installationer så som tappvatten-, avlopp- och värmesystem, utrustning så som kylskåp, frysar och diskmaskiner samt läckande tätskikt i våtrum. Vattenskador från dessa system orsakar allvarliga problem i byggnader. Hållbarhetsaspekter, såsom ekonomiska, miljömässiga eller sociala, påverkas negativt av vattenskador, exempelvis försämrat inomhusklimat, förhöjd risk för fukt- och mögel i konstruktionen, överflödigt användande av material och resurser vid reparation av vattenskador, samt stora mänger av monetära resurser som spenderas årligen på att... (More)
Det rapporteras många fall och spenderas årligen stora mängder av resurser på vattenskador i byggnader i Sverige. Vattenskador som uppkommer på grund av läckage och utströmning av vatten från installationer så som tappvatten-, avlopp- och värmesystem, utrustning så som kylskåp, frysar och diskmaskiner samt läckande tätskikt i våtrum. Vattenskador från dessa system orsakar allvarliga problem i byggnader. Hållbarhetsaspekter, såsom ekonomiska, miljömässiga eller sociala, påverkas negativt av vattenskador, exempelvis försämrat inomhusklimat, förhöjd risk för fukt- och mögel i konstruktionen, överflödigt användande av material och resurser vid reparation av vattenskador, samt stora mänger av monetära resurser som spenderas årligen på att åtgärda och förebygga vattenskador av både boende, byggnadsägare och -förvaltare samt försäkringsbolag för att återställa byggnaderna och dess funktion.

Syftet med denna avhandling var att reducera antalet och kostnaden för vattenskador genom ett helhetsperspektiv på hållbarhet, antal skador, kostnader och lösningar på vattenskador. Genom användning av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder för att analysera befintlig forskning och kunskap, kunde orsaker, kostnader och lösningar för vattenskador undersökas och analyseras. Tillsammans med helhetsperspektivet, som syftade till parametrar som användning av byggnader, olika aktörer, orsaker, skadeeffekter och lösningar, genomfördes det även analys av empirisk statistik och analys av olika påverkan från olika parametrar. Utifrån detta förslogs en modell där nyckelvärden så som skadeorsaker, installationsålder vid skada, uppskattad reparationskostnad beroende på skadetyp och orsak presenterades för att kunna användas i olika skeden av byggnadens livscykel, skeden så som planering-, produktion- och driftskede för att motverka och uppskatta vattenskadornas omfattning, orsak och reparationskostnad.

Från resultatet kunde det konstateras att det fanns en brist av forskningsresultat och datamaterial för orsaker, kostnader och effekter av vattenskador i flerfamiljshus och för byggnader ej avsedda för bostäder, såsom offentligt ägda och förvaltade byggnader. De vattenskador som har analyserats i denna avhandling från installationer, utrustning och tätskikt, inkluderades ofta inom forskningsområdena byggnadsbrister och defekter i tidigare studier. Detta medförde att vattenskadorna studerades med mindre fokus på vattenskadornas omfattning, ursprung, orsak och reparationskostnad. Helhetsperspektivet var även sällan studerat, exempelvis miljöpåverkan från skadorna och eventuella effekter på inomhusmiljön.

Kostnaden för reparationer av vattenskador i det studerade byggnadsbeståndet villor, flerfamiljshus och offentliga byggnader samt försäkringskostnader och självrisk och åldersavdrag, för boende och byggnadsägare uppskattades i denna avhandling till 12.6 miljarder SEK per år. För att minska dessa skador, kostnader och effekter av vattenskador studerades och identifierades åtgärder. Dessa åtgärder var både passiva och aktiva tekniska lösningar för att stoppa läckage samt vikten av information och kunskap om vattenskadors uppkomst, orsaker och kostnader i branschen under samtliga skeden under en byggnads livscykel. Genom att presentera en modell, där vattenskadeorsaker och reparationskostnader integrerades kunde de olika orsakerna analyseras och modelleras utifrån vilken skada som bidrog med till högst kostnader beroende på vilken reparation som krävdes. Korrosion, ålder/slitage samt frysskador på ledningssystemet bidrog till högst reparationskostnader följt av otäta tätskikt i våtrum samt felaktiga anslutningar mellan tätskikt och golvbrunn, vilket var följt av utrustningsskador i kylskåp/frysar och diskmaskiner. Dessutom presenterades intervall på ålder av installationer när skador inträffade, vilket visade att de flesta av de rapporterade vattenskadorna i villor inträffar under den första 10års perioden efter installation.

Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten i avhandlingen att, genom ett helhetsperspektiv och den presenterade modellen för monetära resurser som spenderas på vattenskadeorsaker, att om åtgärder och lösningar vidtas för att minska antalet vattenskador kan de enorma resurserna som årligen spenderas reduceras. Detta skulle även innebära att den överflödiga användningen av resurser och material för att ersätta, återställa och reparera skadade byggnader minskas. Genom att minska vattenskadorna och kostnaderna av dem finns det även potential för att förbättra inomhusmiljöer, genom reducerad fukt-och mögelrisk från vattenskador samt att bidra till en mer hållbar byggsektor. En minskning av kostnaderna för vattenskadorna skulle även kunna innebära en frigöring av resurser som skulle kunnat användas till annat, exempelvis andra åtgärder som ökar inomhusmiljökvaliteten eller minskning av koldioxidutsläppen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Minskning av vattenskador i byggnader genom ett helhetsperspektiv på kostnader, förekomst och lösningar
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Water damage, building defects, Tap water, Costs, Sewage, Heating, Leakage, Vattenskador: byggnader, byggnadsdefekt, kostnader, avlopp, värmesystem, läckage, tappvatten
pages
171 pages
publisher
Lund University
ISBN
978-91-85415-18-2
978-91-85415-19-9
project
Reducing water damage costs in buildings by an holistic approach to technology, users and risks
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
02a1461e-d684-4879-9062-aa5bc3dacb35
date added to LUP
2023-10-10 16:31:10
date last changed
2024-09-27 11:05:43
@misc{02a1461e-d684-4879-9062-aa5bc3dacb35,
  abstract     = {{A large amount of water damage cases and resources are annually reported and spent on water damage in Sweden from cases occurring in buildings from building services such as tap water-, sewage, heating systems, household appliances such as refrigerators, freezers and dishwashers and inadequate waterproof membranes in wet rooms. These water damage cases in buildings cause several problems in the built environment regarding economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability such as unhealthy indoor environments due to higher levels of moisture, mold growth, and redundant usage of building materials and resources in reparations and renovations of water damaged constructions, immense amounts of monetary resources spent annually by both residents, building owners and insurance companies to restore the buildings to their designed purpose.<br/>This thesis aimed to reduce water damage occurrence and costs in buildings by outlining a holistic approach to the aspects of sustainability, occurrence, costs and solutions. Using qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the state-of-the-art water damage research field, this thesis conducted several analyses to determine the occurrence, costs and solutions of water damage in the buildings. To reduce the impact and effects of water damage in buildings this thesis used empirical statistical data, parametric analysis, and a holistic approach regarding factors such as building purpose/type, extent of occurrence and causes, effects of the damage, different stakeholders and different solutions. A model was proposed regarding key figures, water damage causes, age distribution of reported damage cases, and estimated repair costs depending on the water damage cause and origin, to consider during the different phases, design, construction and operation, of the building. <br/>The results of the thesis found that there exists a gap in the research and data collection of water damage occurrence, costs and consequences in buildings such as multi-family and non-residential buildings. The research conducted often includes the studied type of water damage cases in this thesis; building service systems, appliances and waterproof membranes, within the fields of building pathology and building defects but does not explicitly study the causes, associated costs and occurrence from different water supply systems and different origins within the building. The consequences of water damage from building services and installations, such as environmental and social impact are not often regarded. 		<br/>The associated costs of water damage for the studied part of the building stock, were calculated to amount to approximately 1.1 billion € per year (12.6 billion SEK) including repairs of water-damaged buildings, single-, multi-, and public buildings, and insurance costs covered by the residents, such as deductible and age reduction costs. Solutions identified, that could be a part of the solution to reduce the occurrence, cost and consequences of water damage, were both passive and active technical solutions together with structures and information regarding the management and operation during the different phases of the building life cycle. The model presented causes and water damage cases, reported by the insurance industry, with the costliest repairs occurring due to corrosion, age/wear, and freezing damage, followed by faulty waterproof membranes and connection of membranes to drains and then refrigerators/freezers and dishwashers. Moreover, the expected time before water damage was reported was found to be most frequent in the first 10-year period after installation for several water damage causes reported in single-family buildings. <br/>The thesis concluded, with the use of the holistic approach and the presented model of monetary resources spent on water damage and the associated costs, that if actions are taken to reduce water damage cases the immense resources that are annually allocated to water damage could be reduced, it could also reduce the unnecessary use of resources in replacing and repairing damaged material with existing service life, it also could decrease the associated costs, decrease the moisture, and water levels in buildings and could have the potential to improve the sustainability in the building sector and allocate the resource to other areas such as measures to improve the indoor environment and reducing the carbon emissions.}},
  author       = {{Mattsson, Christian}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-85415-18-2}},
  keywords     = {{Water damage; building defects; Tap water; Costs; Sewage; Heating; Leakage; Vattenskador: byggnader; byggnadsdefekt; kostnader; avlopp; värmesystem; läckage; tappvatten}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{09}},
  note         = {{Licentiate Thesis}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Reducing water damage by using a holistic approach to costs, occurrence and solutions in buildings}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/195763139/Reducing_water_damage_by_using_a_holistic_approach_to_costs_occurrence_and_solutions_in_buildings_2.pdf}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}