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Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa

Vollmer, Martin K. ; Miller, Benjamin R. ; Rigby, Matthew ; Reimann, Stefan ; Mühle, Jens ; Krummel, Paul B. ; O'Doherty, Simon ; Kim, Jooil ; Rhee, Tae Siek and Weiss, Ray F. , et al. (2011) In Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 116(8).
Abstract

We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH 3CF2CH2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF2CH2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (CF3CH 2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). In situ measurements are from the global monitoring sites of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE), and Gosan (South Korea). We include the first halocarbon flask... (More)

We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH 3CF2CH2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF2CH2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (CF3CH 2CF3, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). In situ measurements are from the global monitoring sites of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE), and Gosan (South Korea). We include the first halocarbon flask sample measurements from the Antarctic research stations King Sejong and Troll. We also present measurements of archived air samples from both hemispheres back to the 1970s. We use a two-dimensional atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and to estimate global emissions. HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa first appeared in the atmosphere only ∼1 decade ago; they have grown rapidly to globally averaged dry air mole fractions of 0.53 ppt (in parts per trillion, 10-12) and 1.1 ppt, respectively, by the end of 2010. In contrast, HFC-227ea first appeared in the global atmosphere in the 1980s and has since grown to ∼0.58 ppt. We report the first measurements of HFC-236fa in the atmosphere. This long-lived compound was present in the atmosphere at only 0.074 ppt in 2010. All four substances exhibit yearly growth rates of >8% yr-1 at the end of 2010. We find rapidly increasing emissions for the foam-blowing compounds HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa starting in ∼2002. After peaking in 2006 (HFC-365mfc: 3.2 kt yr-1, HFC-245fa: 6.5 kt yr-1), emissions began to decline. Our results for these two compounds suggest that recent estimates from long-term projections (to the late 21st century) have strongly overestimated emissions for the early years of the projections (∼2005-2010). Global HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa emissions have grown to average values of 2.4 kt yr-1 and 0.18 kt yr-1 over the 2008-2010 period, respectively.

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publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
in
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
volume
116
issue
8
article number
D08304
publisher
Wiley-Blackwell
external identifiers
  • scopus:79955408308
ISSN
0148-0227
DOI
10.1029/2010JD015309
language
English
LU publication?
no
id
12a9095b-e59f-4a7a-a8db-0e41b002fdd4
date added to LUP
2024-10-24 18:34:21
date last changed
2025-03-28 10:16:06
@article{12a9095b-e59f-4a7a-a8db-0e41b002fdd4,
  abstract     = {{<p>We report on ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates of the four anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc (CH <sub>3</sub>CF<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>, 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluorobutane), HFC-245fa (CHF<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), HFC-227ea (CF<sub>3</sub>CHFCF<sub>3</sub>, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (CF<sub>3</sub>CH <sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). In situ measurements are from the global monitoring sites of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE), and Gosan (South Korea). We include the first halocarbon flask sample measurements from the Antarctic research stations King Sejong and Troll. We also present measurements of archived air samples from both hemispheres back to the 1970s. We use a two-dimensional atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and to estimate global emissions. HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa first appeared in the atmosphere only ∼1 decade ago; they have grown rapidly to globally averaged dry air mole fractions of 0.53 ppt (in parts per trillion, 10<sup>-12</sup>) and 1.1 ppt, respectively, by the end of 2010. In contrast, HFC-227ea first appeared in the global atmosphere in the 1980s and has since grown to ∼0.58 ppt. We report the first measurements of HFC-236fa in the atmosphere. This long-lived compound was present in the atmosphere at only 0.074 ppt in 2010. All four substances exhibit yearly growth rates of &gt;8% yr<sup>-1</sup> at the end of 2010. We find rapidly increasing emissions for the foam-blowing compounds HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa starting in ∼2002. After peaking in 2006 (HFC-365mfc: 3.2 kt yr<sup>-1</sup>, HFC-245fa: 6.5 kt yr<sup>-1</sup>), emissions began to decline. Our results for these two compounds suggest that recent estimates from long-term projections (to the late 21st century) have strongly overestimated emissions for the early years of the projections (∼2005-2010). Global HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa emissions have grown to average values of 2.4 kt yr<sup>-1</sup> and 0.18 kt yr<sup>-1</sup> over the 2008-2010 period, respectively.</p>}},
  author       = {{Vollmer, Martin K. and Miller, Benjamin R. and Rigby, Matthew and Reimann, Stefan and Mühle, Jens and Krummel, Paul B. and O'Doherty, Simon and Kim, Jooil and Rhee, Tae Siek and Weiss, Ray F. and Fraser, Paul J. and Simmonds, Peter G. and Salameh, Peter K. and Harth, Christina M. and Wang, Ray H.J. and Steele, L. Paul and Young, Dickon and Lunder, Chris R. and Hermansen, Ove and Ivy, Diane and Arnold, Tim and Schmidbauer, Norbert and Kim, Kyung Ryul and Greally, Brian R. and Hill, Matthias and Leist, Michael and Wenger, Angelina and Prinn, Ronald G.}},
  issn         = {{0148-0227}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  series       = {{Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres}},
  title        = {{Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015309}},
  doi          = {{10.1029/2010JD015309}},
  volume       = {{116}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}