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Structural and Functional Studies on Human Type 2 Cystatins

Alvarez Fernandez, Marcia LU (2002)
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. This ability to carry out protein degradation is essential for many cellular and extracellular processes that occur in all living organisms. Cysteine peptidases constitute a class of proteolytic enzymes. Among these, papain-like (C1) peptidases are the mostly studied ones. Inhibitors regulate proteolytic activities in the body.



During more that two decades, cystatins have been seen as the natural inhibitors of papain-like peptidases. It has been simple to divide them into three major groups and there have been no larger differences between them when it comes to peptidase binding ability.



In this thesis, the finding... (More)
Proteolytic enzymes are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. This ability to carry out protein degradation is essential for many cellular and extracellular processes that occur in all living organisms. Cysteine peptidases constitute a class of proteolytic enzymes. Among these, papain-like (C1) peptidases are the mostly studied ones. Inhibitors regulate proteolytic activities in the body.



During more that two decades, cystatins have been seen as the natural inhibitors of papain-like peptidases. It has been simple to divide them into three major groups and there have been no larger differences between them when it comes to peptidase binding ability.



In this thesis, the finding and characterization of human cystatins E and F are described. These cystatins show signs of adaptation to a more specific function thanks to their restricted localization and structural peculiarities, which are also reflected in their inhibition patterns. They give rise to a new branch of cystatins.



In addition to this, the confirmation of the novel cystatin function to act as mammalian legumain (belonging to the C13 family of peptidases) inhibitors, the localization of the binding site and the finding that this feature is only applicable to some cystatins, are also described. These factors revealed that cystatins make up a system more complicated than that believed from the beginning. We were urged to dig deeper into this issue and we found plenty of information in the crystal structure of human cystatin D, which allowed us to follow up the studies on the C1 peptidase binding site, but also to establish the preliminary structural requirements for legumain inhibition by cystatins. These requirements were then confirmed by producing cystatin D variants that do inhibit mammalian legumain.



Thus, this thesis work has contributed to a better understanding of the inhibitory ability of type 2 cystatins. The pieces of the cystatin puzzle start to fall into place and give a clearer picture of how such small proteins can be responsible for regulating the activity of such important peptidases in the body. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Peptidaser, proteolytiska enzymer eller proteinhydrolaser är olika benämningar på samma sorts enzymer. Deras funktion är att bryta ner proteiner i alla celler, vävnader eller vätskor i antingen vår egen kropp eller i någon annan levande organism.



Varför behövs dessa enzymer? Deras funktion påminner om den av en återvinningscentral, där peptidaserna avvecklar felfungerande eller överflödiga proteiner till deras byggstenar, d v s aminosyrorna och små peptider, så att andra proteiner sedan kan byggas.



Minst lika viktigt är det då peptidaserna ser till att, på ett kontrollerat och exakt sätt, klyva bort en del av ett först icke-fungerande protein vars... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Peptidaser, proteolytiska enzymer eller proteinhydrolaser är olika benämningar på samma sorts enzymer. Deras funktion är att bryta ner proteiner i alla celler, vävnader eller vätskor i antingen vår egen kropp eller i någon annan levande organism.



Varför behövs dessa enzymer? Deras funktion påminner om den av en återvinningscentral, där peptidaserna avvecklar felfungerande eller överflödiga proteiner till deras byggstenar, d v s aminosyrorna och små peptider, så att andra proteiner sedan kan byggas.



Minst lika viktigt är det då peptidaserna ser till att, på ett kontrollerat och exakt sätt, klyva bort en del av ett först icke-fungerande protein vars klyvningsprodukt har en biologisk funktion. På detta sätt ser peptidaserna till att vissa proteiner, som finns i kroppen i en latent form, snabbt kan aktiveras för att verka där de behövs. T ex gäller detta många proteiner inblandade i koagulationskedjan.



Problem uppstår dock när peptidaserna agerar på felaktigt sätt, d v s när de antingen är upp- eller nedreglerade. Då kan många sjukdomtillstånd utvecklas, som t ex när cancerceller använder sig av peptidaser på ett onormalt sätt för att förstöra närliggande, friska celler och kunna sprida sig mer effektivt. Därför behövs det ämnen som kan kontrollera peptidasernas uppförande. Dessa ämnen, s k hämmare, blockerar permanent eller temporärt enzymers aktivitet. De kan vara små hämmare eller andra proteiner.



Bland peptidashämmare av proteinnatur finns de s k cystatinerna, som kan hämma två olika sorters cysteinepeptidaser (papain-liknande peptidaser och även legumain-peptidaser). Cystatiner finns överallt i högutveklade organismer, som människan, och även i växter och lågutvecklade organismer, som parasiter. Cystatiner binder till sina målenzymer på ett snabbt och starkt sätt utan att bli klyvda själva. På det viset kan de akut-neutralisera enzymaktivitet samt släppa loss enzymet när det behövs igen, eftersom cystatiner är reversibla hämmare.



Det finns olika sorter cystatiner som delas i olika typer beroende på strukturella faktorer. De cystatiner som är av störst intresse i detta arbete är de av typ 2, som finns nästan exklusivt i det extracellulära utrymmet där de hämmar peptidaser som, av misstag, släppts ut ur cellerna. Även bland typ 2 cystatiner finns det mycket variation i affinitet, specificitet och lokalisering i kroppen. Denna variation speglas tydligt med upptäckten och karakteriseringen av cystatinerna E och F, som beskrivits i artiklarna I samt II i min avhandling.



Ännu mer utmanande i min avhandlingsarbete har det varit att studera en nyupptäckt funktion hos cystatinerna, nämligen att de kan hämma enzymmet legumain hos däggdjur. I artiklarna III och V har jag kunnat bekräfta dennna nya funktion, lokalisera delen i cystatinerna som är inblandade i hämningen samt preliminärt fastställa de nödvändiga förutsättningarna för legumainhämningen. Detta fastslogs tack vare strukturbestämningen av humant cystatin D (artikel IV), som egentligen inte kan hämma legumain.



Cystatin D:s struktur avslöjade dessutom ett, strukturmässigt, annorlunda hämningsställe för papain-liknande peptidaser vid jämförelse med strukturerna av andra cystatiner. På så sätt, kunde vi dra slutsatser om vad som gör en viss cystatin specifik för hämning av ett visst målenzym.



Målet med min avhandling har varit att studera sambandet mellan funktionen och strukturen av humana typ 2 cystatiner i hoppet att kunna dra slutsatser om hur små strukturskillnader har påverkat deras evolution och speglats i deras affinitet och specificitet. Denna kunskap kan i framtiden bidra till utveckling och design av effektiva och specifika läkelmedel med nytta inom biomedicinen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Prof. Potempa, Jan, Krakow, Poland
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Clinical chemistry, Klinisk kemi, structural- functional relationships., protein crystallography, enzyme kinetics, inhibitors, cathepsins, legumains, cystatins, cysteine peptidases
pages
129 pages
publisher
Marcia Alvarez-Fernandez. ILM, Lund University, Lund,
defense location
Segerfalksalen, Wallenberg Neurocenter, Sölvegatan 17, LUND
defense date
2002-12-04 13:00:00
ISBN
91-628-5497-6
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: Ni J., Abrahamson M., Zhang M., Alvarez-Fernandez M., Grubb A., Su J., Yu G. -L., Li Y. Parmelee D., Xing L., Coleman T.A., Lima S., Thotakura R., Nguyen N., Hesselberg M., Gentz R. Cystatin E is a novel human cysteine proteinase inhibitor with resemblance to family 2 cystatins. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 10853-8 Article: Ni J., Alvarez-Fernandez M., Danielsson L., Chillakuru R.A., Zhang J., Grubb A., Su J., Gentz R., Abrahamson M. Cystatin F is a glycosylated human low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 24797-804 Article: Alvarez-Fernandez M., Barrett A.J., Gerhartz B., Dando P.M., Ni J., Abrahamson M. Inhibition of mammalian legumain by some cystatins is due to a novel second reactive site. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 19195-203 Article: Alvarez-Fernandez M., Abrahamson M., Su X.-D. Crystal structure of human cystatin D, a cysteine peptidase inhibitor with restricted inhibition profile. Manuscript. Article: Alvarez-Fernandez M., Vincents B., Jorntén-Karlsson M, Barrett A.J., Abrahamson M. Structural studies of the legumain binding site in human cystatins C and D. Manuscript
id
4a8b5901-86c3-43c3-aa1a-284db27e7a53 (old id 465187)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 11:55:08
date last changed
2018-11-21 21:07:58
@phdthesis{4a8b5901-86c3-43c3-aa1a-284db27e7a53,
  abstract     = {{Proteolytic enzymes are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. This ability to carry out protein degradation is essential for many cellular and extracellular processes that occur in all living organisms. Cysteine peptidases constitute a class of proteolytic enzymes. Among these, papain-like (C1) peptidases are the mostly studied ones. Inhibitors regulate proteolytic activities in the body.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
During more that two decades, cystatins have been seen as the natural inhibitors of papain-like peptidases. It has been simple to divide them into three major groups and there have been no larger differences between them when it comes to peptidase binding ability.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
In this thesis, the finding and characterization of human cystatins E and F are described. These cystatins show signs of adaptation to a more specific function thanks to their restricted localization and structural peculiarities, which are also reflected in their inhibition patterns. They give rise to a new branch of cystatins.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
In addition to this, the confirmation of the novel cystatin function to act as mammalian legumain (belonging to the C13 family of peptidases) inhibitors, the localization of the binding site and the finding that this feature is only applicable to some cystatins, are also described. These factors revealed that cystatins make up a system more complicated than that believed from the beginning. We were urged to dig deeper into this issue and we found plenty of information in the crystal structure of human cystatin D, which allowed us to follow up the studies on the C1 peptidase binding site, but also to establish the preliminary structural requirements for legumain inhibition by cystatins. These requirements were then confirmed by producing cystatin D variants that do inhibit mammalian legumain.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Thus, this thesis work has contributed to a better understanding of the inhibitory ability of type 2 cystatins. The pieces of the cystatin puzzle start to fall into place and give a clearer picture of how such small proteins can be responsible for regulating the activity of such important peptidases in the body.}},
  author       = {{Alvarez Fernandez, Marcia}},
  isbn         = {{91-628-5497-6}},
  keywords     = {{Clinical chemistry; Klinisk kemi; structural- functional relationships.; protein crystallography; enzyme kinetics; inhibitors; cathepsins; legumains; cystatins; cysteine peptidases}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Marcia Alvarez-Fernandez. ILM, Lund University, Lund,}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Structural and Functional Studies on Human Type 2 Cystatins}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}