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Osteonecrosis. Prognosis and Prevention of the Consequences of Osteonecrosis

Juréus, Jan LU (2014) In Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series 2014:106.
Abstract
Abstract



Background

Osteonecrosis (ON) is defined by the in situ death of bone cells, osteocytes, hematopoietic and fatty marrow precursor cells. Events and risk factors known to be associated with ON are femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children, humeral head fracture and insufficiency fractures in load-bearing joints. The etiology of non-traumatic ON is less well understood. Factors associated with non-traumatic ON are corticoid steroid use, alcohol abuse and systemic lupus erythematosus. If factors related to the osteonecrotic lesion cannot be found, the lesion is defined as “spontaneous”. Regardless of the cause, vascular compromise is however the final pathway... (More)
Abstract



Background

Osteonecrosis (ON) is defined by the in situ death of bone cells, osteocytes, hematopoietic and fatty marrow precursor cells. Events and risk factors known to be associated with ON are femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children, humeral head fracture and insufficiency fractures in load-bearing joints. The etiology of non-traumatic ON is less well understood. Factors associated with non-traumatic ON are corticoid steroid use, alcohol abuse and systemic lupus erythematosus. If factors related to the osteonecrotic lesion cannot be found, the lesion is defined as “spontaneous”. Regardless of the cause, vascular compromise is however the final pathway which leads to cellular death. Ingrowing blood vessels invade the necrotic bone and remodeling starts with simultaneous coupled bone resorption and formation. The changes resemble what happens in fracture healing and bone graft incorporation. The mechanical strength of the remodeling bone might temporarily be decreased due to either the resorption of the necrotic bone or a fatigue stress fracture in necrotic bone not yet revitalized. If the necrosis occurs in subchondral load bearing bone, partial joint collapse and secondary osteoarthritis may be the final consequence.



Methods

In paper 1, a 1-4 year follow-up study was performed of 17 patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK), who were treated with bisphosphonates and evaluated regarding secondary degenerative changes. These 17 treated patients were compared to a previously untreated control group (paper 2).

In paper 2, an almost life long follow-up of 40 SPONK patients was conducted. The patients were matched with the Swedish Knee Arhtroplasty Register (SKAR) to evaluate the frequency of major knee surgery.

In paper 3 the risk of ON and secondary degenerative changes after cervical hip fracture was studied in children and younger adults. Radiographs performed at follow-up minimum of 12 months after the fracture were correlated with the scintigraphic examinations evaluating the remaining femoral head circulation made directly post-operatively.

In paper 4, the remodeling of non-vascularized bone grafts under high load was studied in a specially designed bone chamber in rats. Bone chambers with bone grafts were implanted in the proximal tibial bone. Half of the rats were administered bisphosphonates and the other half were not. The lengths of the grafts, before surgery and after harvest, were compared to assess whether bisphosphonates decreased the compression of the graft during remodeling.



Results

Paper 1. The 17 patients who were treated with bisphosphonate had a significantly (p<0,05) lower risk of developing secondary degenerative changes at the follow-up, compared to the untreated control group.

Paper 2. 75% of the patients developed secondary degenerative changes in this almost life long follow-up study with SPONK patients. 17/40 patients have had major knee surgery with arthroplasty or high tibial osteotomy. Younger patients and patients with small ON lesions were at lower risk of major knee surgery (p<0,001).

Paper 3. 3/3 children or young adults with cervical hip fracture and normal postoperative circulation had normal radiographs at follow up, as had 3/4 with partial remaining circulation. 1/3 patients with absent postoperative circulation in the scintigraphic investigations had a joint collapse, in spite of treatment with bisphosphonates and prolonged restricted weight-bearing. 1 patient had secondary radiological changes but no joint collapse and 1 patient in this group had normal radiographs at follow up.

Paper 4. Bone grafts implanted in loaded bone chambers in rats were less compressed (p<0,05) when treated with bisphosphonates compared to the grafts in untreated rats.



Discussion

Morbidity after untreated ON in subchondral bone in load bearing joint is substantial with a high risk of osteoarthritis and need for secondary joint prosthesis. Evaluating the postoperative circulation in the femoral head after cervical neck fracture helps predict the outcome in children and young adults. Bisphosphonates may reduce the risk of collapse of the necrotic bone during remodelling and thereby reduce the risk for secondary degenerative changes in the affected joint. Randomized clinical series are warranted to further define the role of bisphosphonates or other bone-acting drugs like receptor activator of NF-kB ligands (RANKL) antibodies and parathyroid hormone (PTH). (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning på svenska



Ben är ett levande material som ständigt omsätts och förnyas. Benvävnaden känner av den omgivande miljön och kan anpassa sig till förändringar i det dagliga livet och vid enskild punktbelastning. Precis som andra organ i kroppen kan benet drabbas av skador och sjukdomar men har en unik förmåga att läka helt utan ärrbildning. Ben ersätts med ben. Osteonekros kallas ett tillstånd då benvävnaden inom ett område dör. Om det område av skelettetet som drabbas ligger nära ledytan i en viktbärande led som höft-, knä- eller fotled, kan det få stora konsekvenser. Under läkningen sjunker benet ihop och det utvecklas en artros (ledsvikt). På... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning på svenska



Ben är ett levande material som ständigt omsätts och förnyas. Benvävnaden känner av den omgivande miljön och kan anpassa sig till förändringar i det dagliga livet och vid enskild punktbelastning. Precis som andra organ i kroppen kan benet drabbas av skador och sjukdomar men har en unik förmåga att läka helt utan ärrbildning. Ben ersätts med ben. Osteonekros kallas ett tillstånd då benvävnaden inom ett område dör. Om det område av skelettetet som drabbas ligger nära ledytan i en viktbärande led som höft-, knä- eller fotled, kan det få stora konsekvenser. Under läkningen sjunker benet ihop och det utvecklas en artros (ledsvikt). På grund av värk och dålig funktion måste leden så småningom inte sällan opereras med ledprotes.



Orsakerna till osteonekros kan vara flera, till exempel fraktur i nära anslutning till ledyta såsom lårbenshalsbrott, medicinering med kortison, vissa reumatiska sjukdomar, alkoholism, eller dykarsjuka. Ibland vet vi inte orsaken till osteonekros och vi kallar då tillståndet spontan osteonekros.



De kliniska besvären av en osteonekros kan vara kraftig smärta och nedsatt funktion i den drabbade leden. Diagnosen kan ställas tidigt med magnetkamera-undersökning eller scintigrafi (en undersökning där ett svagt radioaktiv ämne spåras i kroppen). Så småningom, men inte alltid, blir förändringen också synlig på vanlig röntgen.



Naturalförloppet av spontan osteonekros i knä undersöktes i den andra av våra studier. Mellan 1982 och 1988 diagnosticerades 40 patienter med osteonekros på ortopediska kliniken i Lund. Patienterna följdes med upprepade röntgenundersökningar och de första resultaten publicerades 1991. Patienterna hade då följts mellan 1 och 7 år. 2012 gick vi igenom dessa 40 patienter och jämförde med det Svenska Knäprotesregistret där alla som opererats med knäprotes under åren registrerats. Vi kontrollerade via journalsystemet också om de genomgått någon annan större knäoperation. 31/40 patienter hade diagnostiserats med artros (ledsvikt) synlig på röntgen i sitt drabbade knä. 17/40 patienter hade blivit opererade med knäprotes (15 st) eller vinkelosteotomi (2st) varvid underbenet under knäleden vinklas om för att minska belastningen på den drabbade delen av ledytan. Vi fann att yngre patienter med osteonekros har bättre prognos än äldre och att stora osteonekroser har sämre prognos än små.



Kan bisfosfonater, ett välbeprövat läkemedel mot benskörhet, minska risken att utveckla artros efter osteonekros? I en djurstudie mätte vi effekten av läkemedlet i en modell som ska efterlikna osteonekros, där dött ben får omvandlas till levande ben under samtidig belastning. Vi använde en så kallad benkammare som opereras in på underbenet hos råttor. I benkammaren kan små benbitar utsättas för tryck. När råttorna behandlades med bisfosfonater minskades risken för att benbiten i kammaren skulle tryckas ihop jämfört med råttor som inte fick bisfosfonater. Vi fann att resultaten stöder vår hypotes att bisfosfonater också kan användas i kliniken vid osteonekros i viktbärande leder.



I den första studien som ingår i denna avhandling behandlade vi 17 patienter med spontan osteonekros i knäleden med en bisfosfonat. Vid en jämförelse med den tidigare obehandlade gruppen i studie 2 (första uppföljningen som presenterades 1991) såg vi att risken för artros minskade med bisfosfonatbehandling.

En fraktur på lårbenshalsen hos barn och ungdomar är ovanligt men det kan inträffa vid högenergiskador som trafikolyckor, fall från höga höjder eller vid utförsåkning på skidor. Frakturen opereras men ofta leder skadan till en alldeles för tidig artros i höften. Vi tror att detta kan bero på att blodförsörjningen till ledhuvudet i höftleden ibland skadas i själva frakturögonblicket. När blodförsörjningen återetableras och nytt ben ska bildas överväger i början de bennedbrytande cellerna och delar eller hela ledhuvudet riskerar att utveckla en osteonekros. De senaste åren har barn och unga vuxna som drabbas av denna fraktur i Lund och Malmö undersökts huruvida det finns adekvat blodcirkulation i ledhuvudet efter operation. I den tredje studien efterundersökte vi hur det gått för dessa patienter. Alla med normal cirkulation läkte fint med bevarat ledhuvud och ingen utveckling av artros. Om hela eller delar av ledhuvudet saknade blodcirkulation fanns risk för ostenekros och utveckling av artros. Unga patienter med höftfraktur kan därför i framtiden delas upp mellan de som har nedsatt cirkulation i ledhuvudet och som bör ha en försiktigare återgång till normala aktiviteter och kanske också läkemedelsbehandling med bisfosfonater och de som har en normal cirkulation och som kan träna igång tidigare. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Karlsson, Jon, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
in
Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
volume
2014:106
pages
77 pages
publisher
Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University
defense location
Skånes universitetssjukhus, Lund. Föreläsningssal 2
defense date
2014-10-17 09:00:00
ISSN
1652-8220
ISBN
978-91-7619-035-7
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
72700391-2ec6-4e1d-bba5-cc6a1de69f5d (old id 4690537)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 14:25:27
date last changed
2019-05-22 04:47:29
@phdthesis{72700391-2ec6-4e1d-bba5-cc6a1de69f5d,
  abstract     = {{Abstract <br/><br>
<br/><br>
Background<br/><br>
Osteonecrosis (ON) is defined by the in situ death of bone cells, osteocytes, hematopoietic and fatty marrow precursor cells. Events and risk factors known to be associated with ON are femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children, humeral head fracture and insufficiency fractures in load-bearing joints. The etiology of non-traumatic ON is less well understood. Factors associated with non-traumatic ON are corticoid steroid use, alcohol abuse and systemic lupus erythematosus. If factors related to the osteonecrotic lesion cannot be found, the lesion is defined as “spontaneous”. Regardless of the cause, vascular compromise is however the final pathway which leads to cellular death. Ingrowing blood vessels invade the necrotic bone and remodeling starts with simultaneous coupled bone resorption and formation. The changes resemble what happens in fracture healing and bone graft incorporation. The mechanical strength of the remodeling bone might temporarily be decreased due to either the resorption of the necrotic bone or a fatigue stress fracture in necrotic bone not yet revitalized. If the necrosis occurs in subchondral load bearing bone, partial joint collapse and secondary osteoarthritis may be the final consequence.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Methods<br/><br>
In paper 1, a 1-4 year follow-up study was performed of 17 patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK), who were treated with bisphosphonates and evaluated regarding secondary degenerative changes. These 17 treated patients were compared to a previously untreated control group (paper 2).<br/><br>
In paper 2, an almost life long follow-up of 40 SPONK patients was conducted. The patients were matched with the Swedish Knee Arhtroplasty Register (SKAR) to evaluate the frequency of major knee surgery. <br/><br>
In paper 3 the risk of ON and secondary degenerative changes after cervical hip fracture was studied in children and younger adults. Radiographs performed at follow-up minimum of 12 months after the fracture were correlated with the scintigraphic examinations evaluating the remaining femoral head circulation made directly post-operatively. <br/><br>
In paper 4, the remodeling of non-vascularized bone grafts under high load was studied in a specially designed bone chamber in rats. Bone chambers with bone grafts were implanted in the proximal tibial bone. Half of the rats were administered bisphosphonates and the other half were not. The lengths of the grafts, before surgery and after harvest, were compared to assess whether bisphosphonates decreased the compression of the graft during remodeling. <br/><br>
<br/><br>
Results<br/><br>
Paper 1. The 17 patients who were treated with bisphosphonate had a significantly (p&lt;0,05) lower risk of developing secondary degenerative changes at the follow-up, compared to the untreated control group. <br/><br>
Paper 2. 75% of the patients developed secondary degenerative changes in this almost life long follow-up study with SPONK patients. 17/40 patients have had major knee surgery with arthroplasty or high tibial osteotomy. Younger patients and patients with small ON lesions were at lower risk of major knee surgery (p&lt;0,001).<br/><br>
Paper 3. 3/3 children or young adults with cervical hip fracture and normal postoperative circulation had normal radiographs at follow up, as had 3/4 with partial remaining circulation. 1/3 patients with absent postoperative circulation in the scintigraphic investigations had a joint collapse, in spite of treatment with bisphosphonates and prolonged restricted weight-bearing. 1 patient had secondary radiological changes but no joint collapse and 1 patient in this group had normal radiographs at follow up.<br/><br>
Paper 4. Bone grafts implanted in loaded bone chambers in rats were less compressed (p&lt;0,05) when treated with bisphosphonates compared to the grafts in untreated rats.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Discussion<br/><br>
Morbidity after untreated ON in subchondral bone in load bearing joint is substantial with a high risk of osteoarthritis and need for secondary joint prosthesis. Evaluating the postoperative circulation in the femoral head after cervical neck fracture helps predict the outcome in children and young adults. Bisphosphonates may reduce the risk of collapse of the necrotic bone during remodelling and thereby reduce the risk for secondary degenerative changes in the affected joint. Randomized clinical series are warranted to further define the role of bisphosphonates or other bone-acting drugs like receptor activator of NF-kB ligands (RANKL) antibodies and parathyroid hormone (PTH).}},
  author       = {{Juréus, Jan}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-7619-035-7}},
  issn         = {{1652-8220}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series}},
  title        = {{Osteonecrosis. Prognosis and Prevention of the Consequences of Osteonecrosis}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/3966602/4690592.pdf}},
  volume       = {{2014:106}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}