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Inside the Guru's Gate : Ritual Uses of Texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi

Myrvold, Kristina LU orcid (2007) In Lund studies in African and Asian religions 17.
Abstract
Summary: For religious Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib is a holy scripture which enshrines ontologically divine words and the teaching and revelatory experiences of historical human Gurus. Simultaneously the Sikhs have taken the concept of a sacred scripture much further than any other religious community by treating the Guru Granth Sahib as a living Guru invested with spiritual authority and agency to guide humans and establish relationships to the divine. Wherever the Sikhs have settled in the world today the scripture is staged at the center of their congregational life. The Sikh place of worship - a gurdwara or the Guru's gate - is by definition a space in which Guru Granth Sahib is made present to run a daily court. The scripture is... (More)
Summary: For religious Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib is a holy scripture which enshrines ontologically divine words and the teaching and revelatory experiences of historical human Gurus. Simultaneously the Sikhs have taken the concept of a sacred scripture much further than any other religious community by treating the Guru Granth Sahib as a living Guru invested with spiritual authority and agency to guide humans and establish relationships to the divine. Wherever the Sikhs have settled in the world today the scripture is staged at the center of their congregational life. The Sikh place of worship - a gurdwara or the Guru's gate - is by definition a space in which Guru Granth Sahib is made present to run a daily court. The scripture is installed daily on an elevated throne like a royal sovereign who/which admits worshippers and at nightfall ceremonially taken to a special bedroom for rest. In religious services the Sikhs daily recite and sing hymns of the scripture and explore its semantic inner for guidance in their social life.



Considering the significations of Guru Granth Sahib, as a living Guru of the Sikhs, it is surprising that scholars have paid considerably little attention to religious attitudes, behaviors and acts surrounding the physical scripture and the living performance traditions of orally rendering and exploring its content. "Inside the Guru's Gate: Ritual Uses of Texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi" aims to direct the focus towards a deeper understanding of contemporary religious worship and oral performance traditions in Sikhism. Based on field work in a Sikh congregation at Varanasi (Northern India), the study investigates how local Sikhs perceive, use and interact with the Guru Granth Sahib and other religious texts accredited gurbani status, i.e. words being uttered by their human Gurus, through a wide spectrum of practices.



From the perspective of ritual and anthropological theories, the study analyzes the discursive and ritual means by which local Sikhs create and confirm conceptions of the Guru's presence and agency in the world. Local discourses on the Guru Granth Sahib situate the scripture in a web of relationships - onto-theological relationships to the invisible divine, historical relationships to the human Gurus, and social relationships to contemporary disciples - that legitimize both its worldly and otherworldly identity and power. By arranging spaces and enacting ritual acts in the gurdwara, the Sikhs enmesh the Guru Granth Sahib in daily routines and stage the scripture as a worldly sovereign with capacity to provide spiritual guidance, transmit the divine revelation it enshrines, and make it possible for devotees to gain spiritual knowledge and experiences. Since Guru Granth Sahib belongs to a succession line of human Gurus it has inherited anthropomorphic habits and even has its own life-cycle rituals that mark important events and stages in the worldly life of the text. The study argues that ritual uses of the Guru Granth Sahib and the living performance traditions of mediating the scriptural words are the means by which the Sikhs personify and bring the scripture to life, as an agentive Guru, and make its teaching perpetually alive and relevant to changing contexts in a human and socially conditioned world. To develop and sustain a devotional and didactical relationship, even a social relationship, to the scripture is what makes people Sikhs - disciples of the Guru. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Sammanfattning: För religiösa sikher är Guru Granth Sahib en helig skrift som manifester ontologiskt gudomliga och förkroppsligar de historiska guruernas lära och uppenbarelseerfarenheter. Samtidigt har sikherna tagit uppfattningen om en helig skrift längre än någon annan religiös tradition genom att behandla Guru Granth Sahib som en levande guru med både andlig auktoritet och agens att vägleda människor och upprätta förbindelser till det gudomliga. Skiften ligger till grund för religiösa föreställningar och värderingar och i dess närvaro utförs nästan varje sikhisk ritual och ceremoni. I den mest belysande definitionen är ett sikhiskt tempel - gurdwara eller guruns port - den plats där Guru... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Sammanfattning: För religiösa sikher är Guru Granth Sahib en helig skrift som manifester ontologiskt gudomliga och förkroppsligar de historiska guruernas lära och uppenbarelseerfarenheter. Samtidigt har sikherna tagit uppfattningen om en helig skrift längre än någon annan religiös tradition genom att behandla Guru Granth Sahib som en levande guru med både andlig auktoritet och agens att vägleda människor och upprätta förbindelser till det gudomliga. Skiften ligger till grund för religiösa föreställningar och värderingar och i dess närvaro utförs nästan varje sikhisk ritual och ceremoni. I den mest belysande definitionen är ett sikhiskt tempel - gurdwara eller guruns port - den plats där Guru Granth Sahib dagligen görs närvarande för att hålla ett kungligt hov. Tidigt på morgonen installeras skriften på en upphöjd och utsmyckad tron för att ta emot tillbedjare och efter skymningen förs skriften ceremoniellt till ett speciellt sovrum där den placeras på en himmelssäng för nattlig vila. I gudstjänster reciterar och sjunger sikherna hymner från skriften och utforskar dess semantiska innehåll för förståelse och vägledning i det sociala livet.



Med tanke på den vikt sikher tillmäter Guru Granth Sahib, som en levande guru, är det förvånande att forskare har givit så liten uppmärksamhet till de religiösa förhållningssätt, beteenden och handlingar som omger den fysiska skriften och de levande traditionerna att muntligt framföra och utforska skriftens innehåll. "Inside the Guru's Gate: Ritual Uses of Texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi" söker att skapa en djupare förståelse för samtida religiös utövning och muntliga traditioner inom sikhismen. Studien är baserad på fältarbeten i en sikhisk församling i Varanasi (norra Indien) och undersöker hur lokala sikher uppfattar, använder och interagerar med Guru Granth Sahib och andra religiösa texter som tillskrivs gurbani status, dvs ord som har yttrats och nedtecknats av de mänskliga guruerna.



Med utgångspunkt i ritualteori och antropologisk teori analyserar studien hur sikherna både skapar och bekräftar föreställningar om guruns närvaro och agens genom religiösa diskurser och rituella handlingar. Lokala diskurser bäddar in skriften i ett nätverk av relationer som bekräftar dess världsliga och utomvärldsliga identitet och kraft. Skriften har onto-teologiska relationer till det gudomliga, historiska relationer till de mänskliga guruerna och sociala relationer till sina lärjungar i historia och nutid. Genom att arrangera platser och utföra handlingar i gurdwaran höljer sikherna in Guru Granth Sahib i dagliga rutiner och presenterar skriften som en världslig suverän med auktoritet och kapacitet att ge andlig vägledning, förmedla en gudomlig uppenbarelse, och göra det möjligt för människor att få andliga kunskaper och erfarenheter. Av traditionen ingår Guru Granth Sahib i en mänsklig successionsföljd av guruer och har därför ärvt antropomorfiska vanor. Skriften har till och med sina egna livscykelritualer som markerar viktiga händelser i dess världsliga liv. Undersökningen hävdar att det är genom en rituell textanvändning av Guru Granth Sahib och de levande traditionerna av att muntligt förmedla skriftens ord som sikherna personifierar och bringar liv till skriften och ständigt gör dess lära levande och relevant för omväxlande kontexter i en mänsklig och socialt betingad värld. Att vara sikh - en lärjunge till gurun - innebär att utveckla både ett religiöst, didaktiskt och socialt förhållande till Guru Granth Sahib och den lära skriften innesluter. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Assistant Professor Nijhawan, Michael, York University
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
anthropomorfism, personification, liturgies, ritual practices, religious worship, sacred places, gurdwara, migration, counter-narrative, emic historiography, speech act theory, ritual studies, oral tradition, performance studies, guru, holy scriptures, Adi Granth, Guru Granth, Benares, Varanasi, Punjab, Sikhism, Sikhs, Religious Studies and Theology, Religion och teologi, social agency, Övriga religioner, Humanities, Humaniora, rites of passage, festivals, rites of affliction, Other Religions, religious education
in
Lund studies in African and Asian religions
volume
17
pages
536 pages
publisher
Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University
defense location
Spoletorps hörsal
defense date
2007-12-20 10:15:00
ISSN
0284-8651
ISBN
978-91-974897-7-5
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
a038a0b2-f24b-42e8-9e08-0852dffb207b (old id 599310)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 17:00:16
date last changed
2020-06-08 12:46:36
@phdthesis{a038a0b2-f24b-42e8-9e08-0852dffb207b,
  abstract     = {{Summary: For religious Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib is a holy scripture which enshrines ontologically divine words and the teaching and revelatory experiences of historical human Gurus. Simultaneously the Sikhs have taken the concept of a sacred scripture much further than any other religious community by treating the Guru Granth Sahib as a living Guru invested with spiritual authority and agency to guide humans and establish relationships to the divine. Wherever the Sikhs have settled in the world today the scripture is staged at the center of their congregational life. The Sikh place of worship - a gurdwara or the Guru's gate - is by definition a space in which Guru Granth Sahib is made present to run a daily court. The scripture is installed daily on an elevated throne like a royal sovereign who/which admits worshippers and at nightfall ceremonially taken to a special bedroom for rest. In religious services the Sikhs daily recite and sing hymns of the scripture and explore its semantic inner for guidance in their social life.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Considering the significations of Guru Granth Sahib, as a living Guru of the Sikhs, it is surprising that scholars have paid considerably little attention to religious attitudes, behaviors and acts surrounding the physical scripture and the living performance traditions of orally rendering and exploring its content. "Inside the Guru's Gate: Ritual Uses of Texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi" aims to direct the focus towards a deeper understanding of contemporary religious worship and oral performance traditions in Sikhism. Based on field work in a Sikh congregation at Varanasi (Northern India), the study investigates how local Sikhs perceive, use and interact with the Guru Granth Sahib and other religious texts accredited gurbani status, i.e. words being uttered by their human Gurus, through a wide spectrum of practices.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
From the perspective of ritual and anthropological theories, the study analyzes the discursive and ritual means by which local Sikhs create and confirm conceptions of the Guru's presence and agency in the world. Local discourses on the Guru Granth Sahib situate the scripture in a web of relationships - onto-theological relationships to the invisible divine, historical relationships to the human Gurus, and social relationships to contemporary disciples - that legitimize both its worldly and otherworldly identity and power. By arranging spaces and enacting ritual acts in the gurdwara, the Sikhs enmesh the Guru Granth Sahib in daily routines and stage the scripture as a worldly sovereign with capacity to provide spiritual guidance, transmit the divine revelation it enshrines, and make it possible for devotees to gain spiritual knowledge and experiences. Since Guru Granth Sahib belongs to a succession line of human Gurus it has inherited anthropomorphic habits and even has its own life-cycle rituals that mark important events and stages in the worldly life of the text. The study argues that ritual uses of the Guru Granth Sahib and the living performance traditions of mediating the scriptural words are the means by which the Sikhs personify and bring the scripture to life, as an agentive Guru, and make its teaching perpetually alive and relevant to changing contexts in a human and socially conditioned world. To develop and sustain a devotional and didactical relationship, even a social relationship, to the scripture is what makes people Sikhs - disciples of the Guru.}},
  author       = {{Myrvold, Kristina}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-974897-7-5}},
  issn         = {{0284-8651}},
  keywords     = {{anthropomorfism; personification; liturgies; ritual practices; religious worship; sacred places; gurdwara; migration; counter-narrative; emic historiography; speech act theory; ritual studies; oral tradition; performance studies; guru; holy scriptures; Adi Granth; Guru Granth; Benares; Varanasi; Punjab; Sikhism; Sikhs; Religious Studies and Theology; Religion och teologi; social agency; Övriga religioner; Humanities; Humaniora; rites of passage; festivals; rites of affliction; Other Religions; religious education}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund studies in African and Asian religions}},
  title        = {{Inside the Guru's Gate : Ritual Uses of Texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/4843777/1691404.pdf}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2007}},
}