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Distributive justice and the welfare state

Bergh, Andreas LU (2003)
Abstract
This thesis is an attempt to generate knowledge about the justification, measurement and consequences of public redistribution.



The first paper poses the following question: How much redistribution from working to non-working can be justified by arguing that external resources are owned jointly by all, or that ownership should ideally be divided equally? This question is analyzed using bargaining theory in a setting with two types who differ in production skill and consumption-leisure preferences. The bargaining concerns the proportional tax rate in a constitution where all resources are allocated to the high-productivity type and taxation redistributes to the type who does not work. It is shown that the tax constitution... (More)
This thesis is an attempt to generate knowledge about the justification, measurement and consequences of public redistribution.



The first paper poses the following question: How much redistribution from working to non-working can be justified by arguing that external resources are owned jointly by all, or that ownership should ideally be divided equally? This question is analyzed using bargaining theory in a setting with two types who differ in production skill and consumption-leisure preferences. The bargaining concerns the proportional tax rate in a constitution where all resources are allocated to the high-productivity type and taxation redistributes to the type who does not work. It is shown that the tax constitution Pareto dominates the initial distribution only if preferences of the two types are sufficiently similar. Using the Nash bargaining solution and the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution, it is shown that under joint ownership, the justified tax rate is independent of the productivity difference between types, but under divided ownership, the tax rate is decreasing in the productivity difference.



In the second paper, it is examined how inter and intra-individual redistributions depend on characteristics of the welfare state such as the degree of tax progressivity, the choice between flat rate and income-related benefits and the proportion of the lifecycle spent working. A model of a welfare state is used to calculate the difference between gross income inequality and net income inequality among workers as well as inequality of lifetime income. A simulation based on the Swedish system indicates that the redistributive effect of the Swedish system is higher in terms of lifetime incomes than in terms of disposable incomes among workers. The share of inter-individual redistribution in Sweden is approximated to 30 percent of total redistribution. When individuals are allowed to choose labor supply freely, the redistributive effect of the welfare state can not be correctly described by comparing inequality of gross and net income.



The third paper deals with welfare state typologies, i.e. the categorization of different types of welfare states. Literature using the term universal welfare state is analyzed and it is shown that the term is ambiguous. Different ways to alleviate the problem are discussed, including the distinction between group universality and income universality. This paper also contains an empirical application illustrating how universality can be studied over time using the case of Sweden during the 1990s. Following a number of indicators during the 1990s reveals that universality was roughly constant for the Swedish welfare state during this period.



The final paper studies social insurance against short-term income losses, in a setting where low-income earners are more likely to suffer from income loss. With a standard adverse selection model, non-universal social insurance is likely to be better for low income earners. If private insurance firms can observe risks using a costly technology, non-universal social insurance is likely to be better for high income earners. The paper also demonstrates that under this alternative insurance technology, risk aversion does not unambiguously increase the political sustainability of social insurance. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Avhandlingen innehåller fyra artiklar som berör olika aspekter av offentlig omfördelning i välfärdsstaten. Avhandlingen syftar till att ge kunskap om konsekvenser av, motiv för och mätande av och denna omfördelning.



Den första artikeln ställer frågan: Hög hög skatteomfördelning från arbetande till icke arbetande kan motiveras av grundantagandet att naturresurser är gemensamt ägda? Frågan analyseras genom så kallad ’bargaining theory’ i en miljö där två olika individtyper skiljer sig åt vad gäller produktivitet och vilja att vara ledig. Eftersom individerna skiljer sig åt i produktivitet är det möjligt att göra överenskommelser sådana att båda skulle vinna på att låta den... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Avhandlingen innehåller fyra artiklar som berör olika aspekter av offentlig omfördelning i välfärdsstaten. Avhandlingen syftar till att ge kunskap om konsekvenser av, motiv för och mätande av och denna omfördelning.



Den första artikeln ställer frågan: Hög hög skatteomfördelning från arbetande till icke arbetande kan motiveras av grundantagandet att naturresurser är gemensamt ägda? Frågan analyseras genom så kallad ’bargaining theory’ i en miljö där två olika individtyper skiljer sig åt vad gäller produktivitet och vilja att vara ledig. Eftersom individerna skiljer sig åt i produktivitet är det möjligt att göra överenskommelser sådana att båda skulle vinna på att låta den högproduktiva individtypen producera med alla resurser, för att sedan via beskattning omfördela en del av produktionen till den som inte arbetar. Genom teorin studeras vilken skattesats individerna kan komma överens om. Om resurserna initialt är gemensamt ägda, kommer den framförhandlade skattesatsen att vara oberoende av produktivitetsskillnaden mellan individerna. Vid initial likadelning kommer skattesatsen att bero negativt på produktivitetsskillnaden.



I avhandlingens andra artikel undersöks hur omfördelningen mellan individer i en välfärdsstat förhåller sig till omfördelningen över individens livscykel. Det visas hur förhållandet mellan dessa två slags omfördelning beror på förmånernas utformning och skattesystemets grad av progressivitet. Ofta beskrivs välfärdsstatens omfördelande effekt genom att jämföra fördelningen av brutto- och nettoinkomster bland arbetande. I artikeln visas att omfördelningen mellan individer kan vara både större eller mindre än så om hela livsinkomsten beaktas. Med data som beskriver det svenska systemet visas att den svenska välfärdsstaten är mer omfördelande i ett livsinkomstperspektiv än den är när bara arbetsinkomster jämförs. Vidare uppskattas den andel av all omfördelning som är omfördelning mellan individer till cirka 30 procent. Det innebär att ungefär två tredjedelar av omfördelningen i det svenska systemet är livscykelomfördelning.



I den tredje artikeln diskuteras idén om den universella välfärdsstaten, hur den definieras och i vilken utsträckning Sverige är ett exempel på en sådan. En litteraturgenomgång pekar på en rad tvetydigheter i hur termen används. Exempelvis råder oklarhet huruvida förmånsuniversalitet är relaterat till förmånernas nivå, samt hur förmånen i exempelvis socialförsäkringarna ska definieras. För att illustrera hur termen kan göras mer precis, föreslås ett antal indikatorer på universalitet som kan följas över tiden. Artikeln avslutas med att dessa indikatorer följs under 90-talet för Sverige, vilket leder till slutsatsen att den ekonomiska krisen under detta decennium inte innebar några kraftiga förändringar av universaliteten i det svenska systemet.



I avhandlingens sista artikel studeras under vilka förutrsättningar en obligatorisk socialförsäkring kommer att föredras av samtliga inblandade framför en marknadsförsäkring. Modellen är tillämplig på exempelvis den svenska sjukpenningförsäkringen, där individer med högre inkomst i genomsnitt blir sjuka mindre ofta än låginkomsttagare. Det visas att om den privata försäkringsmarknaden inte kan observera individernas risker, kan en socialförsäkring föredras av alla även om den har kraftigt omfördelande inslag, det vill säga ger låginkomsttagare högre ersättning än höginkomsttagare. Detta resultat ändras emellertid om det blir möjligt för privata försäkringsföretag att till en viss kostnad få reda på individuella risker. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Wickström, Bengt-Arne
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Social ekonomi, Social economics, social insurance, welfare state, Redistribution, inequality
pages
147 pages
defense location
EC3:211
defense date
2003-11-21 10:15:00
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: Bargaining over external resources: Nozick vs Cohen vs Divided Ownership Article: Inter and intra-individual redistribution: Theory and the caes of Sweden Article: The universal welfare state: Theory and the case of Sweden Article: On the political sustainability of redistributive social insurance
id
11fb6963-48f0-4c47-aaa2-5f69105ec684 (old id 466304)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 09:37:27
date last changed
2018-11-21 20:54:24
@phdthesis{11fb6963-48f0-4c47-aaa2-5f69105ec684,
  abstract     = {{This thesis is an attempt to generate knowledge about the justification, measurement and consequences of public redistribution.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The first paper poses the following question: How much redistribution from working to non-working can be justified by arguing that external resources are owned jointly by all, or that ownership should ideally be divided equally? This question is analyzed using bargaining theory in a setting with two types who differ in production skill and consumption-leisure preferences. The bargaining concerns the proportional tax rate in a constitution where all resources are allocated to the high-productivity type and taxation redistributes to the type who does not work. It is shown that the tax constitution Pareto dominates the initial distribution only if preferences of the two types are sufficiently similar. Using the Nash bargaining solution and the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution, it is shown that under joint ownership, the justified tax rate is independent of the productivity difference between types, but under divided ownership, the tax rate is decreasing in the productivity difference.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
In the second paper, it is examined how inter and intra-individual redistributions depend on characteristics of the welfare state such as the degree of tax progressivity, the choice between flat rate and income-related benefits and the proportion of the lifecycle spent working. A model of a welfare state is used to calculate the difference between gross income inequality and net income inequality among workers as well as inequality of lifetime income. A simulation based on the Swedish system indicates that the redistributive effect of the Swedish system is higher in terms of lifetime incomes than in terms of disposable incomes among workers. The share of inter-individual redistribution in Sweden is approximated to 30 percent of total redistribution. When individuals are allowed to choose labor supply freely, the redistributive effect of the welfare state can not be correctly described by comparing inequality of gross and net income.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The third paper deals with welfare state typologies, i.e. the categorization of different types of welfare states. Literature using the term universal welfare state is analyzed and it is shown that the term is ambiguous. Different ways to alleviate the problem are discussed, including the distinction between group universality and income universality. This paper also contains an empirical application illustrating how universality can be studied over time using the case of Sweden during the 1990s. Following a number of indicators during the 1990s reveals that universality was roughly constant for the Swedish welfare state during this period.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The final paper studies social insurance against short-term income losses, in a setting where low-income earners are more likely to suffer from income loss. With a standard adverse selection model, non-universal social insurance is likely to be better for low income earners. If private insurance firms can observe risks using a costly technology, non-universal social insurance is likely to be better for high income earners. The paper also demonstrates that under this alternative insurance technology, risk aversion does not unambiguously increase the political sustainability of social insurance.}},
  author       = {{Bergh, Andreas}},
  keywords     = {{Social ekonomi; Social economics; social insurance; welfare state; Redistribution; inequality}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Distributive justice and the welfare state}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}