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Det stängda landskapet : Stängselskyldighet och organiseringen av jordbruket i Sverige under 1700- och 1800-talen

Vorminder, Sarah LU (2026) In Ugglan. Minervaserien
Abstract
The Closed Countryside: The Prescriptive Duty to Fence and the Organisation of Agriculture in Sweden during the 18th and 19th Centuries

This thesis explores the relationship between fences as enforcing tools and ideas of private property in Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries. It does this by looking mainly at parliamentary debates about the law on how to manage fences and the peace of the field, as well as ordinances that were passed during this period. In doing so, the thesis examines changing norms and conflicts surrouding land ownership, land managament and village community.

The law in question: the prescriptive duty to fence, had a long-standing history in Sweden dating back to the Middle Ages, and regulated... (More)
The Closed Countryside: The Prescriptive Duty to Fence and the Organisation of Agriculture in Sweden during the 18th and 19th Centuries

This thesis explores the relationship between fences as enforcing tools and ideas of private property in Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries. It does this by looking mainly at parliamentary debates about the law on how to manage fences and the peace of the field, as well as ordinances that were passed during this period. In doing so, the thesis examines changing norms and conflicts surrouding land ownership, land managament and village community.

The law in question: the prescriptive duty to fence, had a long-standing history in Sweden dating back to the Middle Ages, and regulated common grazing practices within villages. At the start of the study the legal principle underpinning the duty only applied to infields, while the commons were left open. Villages also had a right to impose a shared fence with the neighbouring villages where they had adjoining infields. Previous research has suggested that the Swedish enclosure movement (c. 1757–1928) made the collective village obsolete, as a more individualised organisation of farming arose. This assumption of individualisation is tested through an analysis of the parliamentary debate about fencing laws. The dynamic tension in the Swedish parliament between the peasantry and the elite – surrounding the latter groups’ attempts at rationalising social relations, customary law, the landscape and Swedish agriculture, is in focus.

The thesis shows that the legal tradition of collective fence organisation was exploited by the state to navigate obstacles to Swedish landowners’ abilities to invest in enclosure and improvements to their land. By pushing for a more equal duty – which, the thesis argues, served as a “reform strategy” – for more parties and by putting the common land under a similar prescriptive duty, the law was intended to reduce individual costs of fencing and so to promote enclosure, land clearing and afforestation. At the same time, the fence became integrated in the overall discourse and ideology of improvement and private property. The individualisation of Swedish agriculture therefore relied on collective fencing practices, a paradox that is addressed in the thesis. The thesis also shows that the resulting legal changes throughout the century were the result of negotiations and compromise, as the Peasant estate fought against all radical reinterpretations and generalisations of the duty. Even the individualisation itself could be contested.
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Abstract (Swedish)
Hägnader har sedan medeltiden varit oumbärliga för hur svenska byar organiserade sin gemensamma betesdrift. Därför har såväl hägnaden som det rättsliga ramverk som strukturerade upp när, var och hur hägnader skulle uppföras, lagen om stängselskyldighet, tillskrivits stor betydelse för bykollektivet i svensk historia. Under 1700- och 1800-talen uppstod dock reformer avsedda att bryta upp detta bykollektiv, både socialt och fysiskt i landskapet. Den här avhandlingen utforskar relationen mellan hägnader som verktyg och idéer om privat äganderätt i Sverige under 1700- och 1800-talen. Med utgångspunkt i bland annat riksdagsdebatter och förordningar som tillkom under perioden belyser avhandlingen förändrade rättsuppfattningar, normer och... (More)
Hägnader har sedan medeltiden varit oumbärliga för hur svenska byar organiserade sin gemensamma betesdrift. Därför har såväl hägnaden som det rättsliga ramverk som strukturerade upp när, var och hur hägnader skulle uppföras, lagen om stängselskyldighet, tillskrivits stor betydelse för bykollektivet i svensk historia. Under 1700- och 1800-talen uppstod dock reformer avsedda att bryta upp detta bykollektiv, både socialt och fysiskt i landskapet. Den här avhandlingen utforskar relationen mellan hägnader som verktyg och idéer om privat äganderätt i Sverige under 1700- och 1800-talen. Med utgångspunkt i bland annat riksdagsdebatter och förordningar som tillkom under perioden belyser avhandlingen förändrade rättsuppfattningar, normer och konflikter kring ägande, markanvändning och bygemenskap. Genom att klarlägga vilken roll hägnader och regleringen av dem spelade i reformen av svenskt jordbruk bidrar analysen med nya perspektiv på den agrara omvandlingsprocess som kännetecknar perioden. De svenska skiftesreformerna beskrivs ofta som att ha haft en individualiserande verkan på svenskt agrarsamhälle, en tes som också prövas i avhandlingen genom debatten om stängselskyldigheten.

Avhandlingen visar att rättstraditionen bakom stängselskyldighetslagen nyttjades av staten för att hantera de hinder som begränsade svenska jordägares möjligheter att investera i sitt jordbruk och genomgå skifte. Kostnaden för hägnaderna framstår som den mest betydelsefulla parametern i debatten. Genom att sprida ut skyldigheten på fler parter sänktes individens hägnadskostnader, vilket i sin tur var avsett att uppmuntra individuell företagsamhet samt en mer omfattande nyodling, skogsplantering och skiftesverksamhet i Sverige. Ändringar i lagen utgjorde, menar jag, ”reformstrategier” avsedda att underlätta individualiseringen och samtidigt upprätthålla ordningen på landsbygden. Den svenska individualiseringsprocessen inom jordbruket krävde därför en kollektiv hägnadsorganisering, en paradox som återkommande lyfts fram i avhandlingen. Parallellt fångades hägnaden upp i den samtida diskursen om privat äganderätt och jordbruksförbättring – där hägnaden lovade större friheter och rätten att få exkludera utomstående från privat mark. Elitens mer radikala förslag hölls däremot tillbaka av ett starkt bondestånd, som ifrågasatte försök att generalisera lagen utan hänsyn till ekonomisk förmåga, regional särart och hägnadens praktiska funktion. I detta sammanhang kunde även individualiseringen tillbakavisas. En viktig slutsats är därför att lagen kom att präglas av återkommande kompromissförsök. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • universitetslektor Granér, Staffan, Göteborgs universitet
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
jordägande, agrarreform, hägnad, stängselskyldighet, jordbruk, skogsbruk, idé- och lärdomshistoria, private property, agrarian reform, Sweden, enclosure, individualisation, fences, fence organisation, prescriptive duty to fence, reform strategy, improvement, scientific forestry, agriculture, parliamentary debate, intellectual history
in
Ugglan. Minervaserien
issue
24
pages
421 pages
publisher
Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper, Lunds universitet
defense location
C126, LUX, Helgonavägen 3, Lund
defense date
2026-05-15 13:00:00
ISSN
2004-8688
1650-7339
ISBN
978-91-90055-83-0
978-91-90055-82-3
project
Det stängda landskapet. Stängselskyldighet och organiseringen av jordbruket i Sverige under 1700- och 1800-talen
language
Swedish
LU publication?
yes
id
1232949f-342b-4bcd-9e19-7516979f2ce9
date added to LUP
2026-04-15 11:43:23
date last changed
2026-04-20 15:08:59
@phdthesis{1232949f-342b-4bcd-9e19-7516979f2ce9,
  abstract     = {{The Closed Countryside: The Prescriptive Duty to Fence and the Organisation of Agriculture in Sweden during the 18th and 19th Centuries<br/><br/>This thesis explores the relationship between fences as enforcing tools and ideas of private property in Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries. It does this by looking mainly at parliamentary debates about the law on how to manage fences and the peace of the field, as well as ordinances that were passed during this period. In doing so, the thesis examines changing norms and conflicts surrouding land ownership, land managament and village community.<br/><br/>The law in question: the prescriptive duty to fence, had a long-standing history in Sweden dating back to the Middle Ages, and regulated common grazing practices within villages. At the start of the study the legal principle underpinning the duty only applied to infields, while the commons were left open. Villages also had a right to impose a shared fence with the neighbouring villages where they had adjoining infields. Previous research has suggested that the Swedish enclosure movement (c. 1757–1928) made the collective village obsolete, as a more individualised organisation of farming arose. This assumption of individualisation is tested through an analysis of the parliamentary debate about fencing laws. The dynamic tension in the Swedish parliament between the peasantry and the elite – surrounding the latter groups’ attempts at rationalising social relations, customary law, the landscape and Swedish agriculture, is in focus.<br/><br/>The thesis shows that the legal tradition of collective fence organisation was exploited by the state to navigate obstacles to Swedish landowners’ abilities to invest in enclosure and improvements to their land. By pushing for a more equal duty – which, the thesis argues, served as a “reform strategy” – for more parties and by putting the common land under a similar prescriptive duty, the law was intended to reduce individual costs of fencing and so to promote enclosure, land clearing and afforestation. At the same time, the fence became integrated in the overall discourse and ideology of improvement and private property. The individualisation of Swedish agriculture therefore relied on collective fencing practices, a paradox that is addressed in the thesis. The thesis also shows that the resulting legal changes throughout the century were the result of negotiations and compromise, as the Peasant estate fought against all radical reinterpretations and generalisations of the duty. Even the individualisation itself could be contested.<br/>}},
  author       = {{Vorminder, Sarah}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-90055-83-0}},
  issn         = {{2004-8688}},
  keywords     = {{jordägande; agrarreform; hägnad; stängselskyldighet; jordbruk; skogsbruk; idé- och lärdomshistoria; private property; agrarian reform; Sweden; enclosure; individualisation; fences; fence organisation; prescriptive duty to fence; reform strategy; improvement; scientific forestry; agriculture; parliamentary debate; intellectual history}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  month        = {{04}},
  number       = {{24}},
  publisher    = {{Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper, Lunds universitet}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Ugglan. Minervaserien}},
  title        = {{Det stängda landskapet : Stängselskyldighet och organiseringen av jordbruket i Sverige under 1700- och 1800-talen}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/247510718/Vorminder_-_Det_st_ngda_landskapet.pdf}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}