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GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes

Ludvigsson, Johnny ; Faresjo, Maria ; Hjorth, Maria ; Axelsson, Stina ; Cheramy, Mikael ; Pihl, Mikael ; Vaarala, Outi ; Forsander, Gun ; Ivarsson, Sten LU and Johansson, Calle , et al. (2008) In New England Journal of Medicine 359(18). p.1909-1920
Abstract
Background: The 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major autoantigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This trial assessed the ability of alum-formulated GAD (GAD-alum) to reverse recent-onset type 1 diabetes in patients 10 to 18 years of age. Methods: We randomly assigned 70 patients with type 1 diabetes who had fasting C-peptide levels above 0.1 nmol per liter (0.3 ng per milliliter) and GAD autoantibodies, recruited within 18 months after receiving the diagnosis of diabetes, to receive subcutaneous injections of 20 microg of GAD-alum (35 patients) or placebo (alum alone, 35 patients) on study days 1 and 30. At day 1 and months 3, 9, 15, 21, and 30, patients underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test to stimulate... (More)
Background: The 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major autoantigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This trial assessed the ability of alum-formulated GAD (GAD-alum) to reverse recent-onset type 1 diabetes in patients 10 to 18 years of age. Methods: We randomly assigned 70 patients with type 1 diabetes who had fasting C-peptide levels above 0.1 nmol per liter (0.3 ng per milliliter) and GAD autoantibodies, recruited within 18 months after receiving the diagnosis of diabetes, to receive subcutaneous injections of 20 microg of GAD-alum (35 patients) or placebo (alum alone, 35 patients) on study days 1 and 30. At day 1 and months 3, 9, 15, 21, and 30, patients underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test to stimulate residual insulin secretion (measured as the C-peptide level). The effect of GAD-alum on the immune system was also studied. Results: Insulin secretion gradually decreased in both study groups. The study treatment had no significant effect on change in fasting C-peptide level after 15 months (the primary end point). Fasting C-peptide levels declined from baseline levels significantly less over 30 months in the GAD-alum group than in the placebo group (-0.21 vs. -0.27 nmol per liter [-0.62 vs. -0.81 ng per milliliter], P=0.045), as did stimulated secretion measured as the area under the curve (-0.72 vs. -1.02 nmol per liter per 2 hours [-2.20 vs. -3.08 ng per milliliter per 2 hours], P=0.04). No protective effect was seen in patients treated 6 months or more after receiving the diagnosis. Adverse events appeared to be mild and similar in frequency between the two groups. The GAD-alum treatment induced a GAD-specific immune response. Conclusions: GAD-alum may contribute to the preservation of residual insulin secretion in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, although it did not change the insulin requirement. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00435981.). (Less)
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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
New England Journal of Medicine
volume
359
issue
18
pages
1909 - 1920
publisher
Massachusetts Medical Society
external identifiers
  • wos:000260454500007
  • scopus:55249110198
ISSN
0028-4793
DOI
10.1056/NEJMoa0804328
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
3d3d25da-9ffc-4439-90b2-13e03f43ee8d (old id 1285655)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 12:11:50
date last changed
2022-04-29 01:50:41
@article{3d3d25da-9ffc-4439-90b2-13e03f43ee8d,
  abstract     = {{Background: The 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major autoantigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This trial assessed the ability of alum-formulated GAD (GAD-alum) to reverse recent-onset type 1 diabetes in patients 10 to 18 years of age. Methods: We randomly assigned 70 patients with type 1 diabetes who had fasting C-peptide levels above 0.1 nmol per liter (0.3 ng per milliliter) and GAD autoantibodies, recruited within 18 months after receiving the diagnosis of diabetes, to receive subcutaneous injections of 20 microg of GAD-alum (35 patients) or placebo (alum alone, 35 patients) on study days 1 and 30. At day 1 and months 3, 9, 15, 21, and 30, patients underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test to stimulate residual insulin secretion (measured as the C-peptide level). The effect of GAD-alum on the immune system was also studied. Results: Insulin secretion gradually decreased in both study groups. The study treatment had no significant effect on change in fasting C-peptide level after 15 months (the primary end point). Fasting C-peptide levels declined from baseline levels significantly less over 30 months in the GAD-alum group than in the placebo group (-0.21 vs. -0.27 nmol per liter [-0.62 vs. -0.81 ng per milliliter], P=0.045), as did stimulated secretion measured as the area under the curve (-0.72 vs. -1.02 nmol per liter per 2 hours [-2.20 vs. -3.08 ng per milliliter per 2 hours], P=0.04). No protective effect was seen in patients treated 6 months or more after receiving the diagnosis. Adverse events appeared to be mild and similar in frequency between the two groups. The GAD-alum treatment induced a GAD-specific immune response. Conclusions: GAD-alum may contribute to the preservation of residual insulin secretion in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, although it did not change the insulin requirement. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00435981.).}},
  author       = {{Ludvigsson, Johnny and Faresjo, Maria and Hjorth, Maria and Axelsson, Stina and Cheramy, Mikael and Pihl, Mikael and Vaarala, Outi and Forsander, Gun and Ivarsson, Sten and Johansson, Calle and Lindh, Agne and Nilsson, Nils-Osten and Aman, Jan and Ortqvist, Eva and Zerhouni, Peter and Casas, Rosaura}},
  issn         = {{0028-4793}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{18}},
  pages        = {{1909--1920}},
  publisher    = {{Massachusetts Medical Society}},
  series       = {{New England Journal of Medicine}},
  title        = {{GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804328}},
  doi          = {{10.1056/NEJMoa0804328}},
  volume       = {{359}},
  year         = {{2008}},
}