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Moral cognition : Individual differences, intuition and reasoning in moral judgment

Björklund, Fredrik LU orcid (2000)
Abstract
Psychological processes involved in moral cognition were examined in three studies, taking as their starting point the assumption that the cognitive-developmental perspective commonly taken is too narrow and that individual differences and implicit processes need to be taken into consideration.



Study I focused on the role of defense mechanisms in moral thinking. A self-report questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of measuring three aspects of morality: moralism, conscience and need for reparation. As hypothesized, a significant positive relationship was found between moralism and the defense mechanism of isolation, particularly isolation of affect, supporting the idea that implicit processes are important for... (More)
Psychological processes involved in moral cognition were examined in three studies, taking as their starting point the assumption that the cognitive-developmental perspective commonly taken is too narrow and that individual differences and implicit processes need to be taken into consideration.



Study I focused on the role of defense mechanisms in moral thinking. A self-report questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of measuring three aspects of morality: moralism, conscience and need for reparation. As hypothesized, a significant positive relationship was found between moralism and the defense mechanism of isolation, particularly isolation of affect, supporting the idea that implicit processes are important for moral functioning.



In Study II the effects on moral reasoning of gender, time pressure and seriousness of the issue at hand were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, women were found, as predicted from C. Gilligan's (1982) moral judgment model, to be more care-oriented in their reasoning than men. Both time pressure and consideration of everyday as opposed to serious moral dilemmas led to an increase in a justice orientation as compared with a care orientation in moral judgments. In the second experiment, moral reasoning was coded in terms of its being either duty-oriented (duty, obligations, rights) or consequence-oriented (effects on others). Men were found to be more duty-oriented than women, and time pressure to lead to a greater incidence of duty orientation.



Study III, involving two experiments, concerned the question of whether moral judgment is primarily based on intuition or on reasoning. In Experiment 1 participants were presented with a classic moral reasoning task (Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma") and with four other tasks designed to put intuition and reason in conflict with one another. On the four latter tasks, but not on the Heinz task, judgments were found to be based more on gut feelings than on reasoning, participants frequently laughing and stating directly that they were unable to give reasons in support of their judgments. This phenomenon, the stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a judgment without supporting reasons, was dubbed "moral dumbfounding." In Experiment 2, reasoning processes were put under pressure by means of cognitive load. High load was found to lead to arguments of lower quality, but the predicted effects of increased dumbfounding and shorter time before giving up the discussion could not be shown. The existence of moral dumbfounding calls into question models in which moral judgment is regarded as being produced solely by moral reasoning. It is suggested that both implicit processes and reasoning should be included in models of moral cognition and that taking account of the interaction between the two is important for an adequate understanding of moral judgment. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Inom moralpsykologisk forskning har man framförallt studerat hur människors förmåga att resonera om rättvisa utvecklas i olika åldrar. För de allra flesta av oss är dock moral någonting mer än bara rättvisa. Varje tillfälle då vi bestämmer oss för vad vi tycker är rätt eller fel kan ses som ett moraliskt ställningstagande, från så enkla saker som att man tvekar att gå mot rött ljus till mer komplexa frågor som om vi bör tillåta dödshjälp eller ej. Dessutom tycks vi ganska sällan resonera noggrant och väga argument på guldvåg när vi ställs inför moralproblem - ofta låter vi oss istället styras av känslor eller intuition. I de studier som rapporteras i avhandlingen undersöktes vilken betydelse... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Inom moralpsykologisk forskning har man framförallt studerat hur människors förmåga att resonera om rättvisa utvecklas i olika åldrar. För de allra flesta av oss är dock moral någonting mer än bara rättvisa. Varje tillfälle då vi bestämmer oss för vad vi tycker är rätt eller fel kan ses som ett moraliskt ställningstagande, från så enkla saker som att man tvekar att gå mot rött ljus till mer komplexa frågor som om vi bör tillåta dödshjälp eller ej. Dessutom tycks vi ganska sällan resonera noggrant och väga argument på guldvåg när vi ställs inför moralproblem - ofta låter vi oss istället styras av känslor eller intuition. I de studier som rapporteras i avhandlingen undersöktes vilken betydelse omedvetna processer (såsom intuition) och vissa personlighetsegenskaper har för hur vi tänker i moralfrågor.



I en första studie undersöktes sambandet mellan omedvetna psykologiska försvarsmekanismer och tre aspekter av moral (moralism, samvete, samt hur gärna man vill gottgöra andra för skada man orsakat). Det fanns ett starkt positivt samband mellan moralism och försvarsmekanismen isolering, vilket tolkades som att personer som skyddar sig mot ångest genom att skapa en tydlig gräns mellan det hotfulla och sig själva också gör en tydlig gräns mellan det moraliskt onda och det moraliskt goda.



I en andra studie undersöktes dels könsskillnader i moral, dels hur tidspress påverkar vårt sätt att resonera i moralfrågor, och dels huruvida innehållet i ett moraliskt dilemma kan påverka vårt sätt att resonera om det. Resultaten visade, i enlighet med Carol Gilligans (1982) teori, att kvinnors tänkande kretsar kring omsorg för andra människor medan män fokuserar på rättvisa. Stark tidspress visade sig leda till rättvisetänkande snarare än omsorgstänkande, oavsett kön. I de situationer där de möjliga konsekvenserna av ens beslut skulle kunna bli allvarliga betonades omsorg snarare än rättvisa.



I den tredje studien undersöktes huruvida våra åsikter om vad som är moraliskt rätt och fel är grundade på förnuftsresonemang eller på ren intuition. Det visade sig att man resonerar på ett betydligt mer förnuftsmässigt sätt i dilemman av den typ som dominerat de senaste 30 årens moralpsykologiska forskning (Lawrence Kohlbergs "Heinz dilemma", 1969) än i sådana fall som rör sociala tabun. I de senare fallen var det vanligt att man hade en snabb och bestämd intuitiv moraluppfattning utan att egentligen kunna ge något rimligt argument som stöd för denna. Det var också vanligt att man skrattade generat, tystnade, och sedan erkände att man inte kunde argumentera för sin sak trots den starka intuitiva uppfattningen, ett fenomen som döptes till "moral dumbfounding". Det faktum att man kan bli "moraliskt förstummad" utgör en utmaning för de moralpsykologiska teorier där uppfattningar och beslut i moralfrågor ses som enbart grundade på förnuftet. Vidare forskning på moralområdet bör därför ta hänsyn till både omedvetna processer och förnuftsresonemang, och kanske särskilt studera samspelet mellan de två. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Docent Biel, Anders, Department of Psychology, Göteborg University
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Psychology, Psykologi
pages
100 pages
publisher
Department of Psychology, Lund University
defense location
Samarkand AF
defense date
2000-05-25 10:00:00
external identifiers
  • other:ISRN: LUSADG/SAPS--00/1086--SE
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
17d86636-7e5d-4d36-bf70-5ff908729daf (old id 40618)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 12:02:40
date last changed
2021-12-06 19:37:15
@phdthesis{17d86636-7e5d-4d36-bf70-5ff908729daf,
  abstract     = {{Psychological processes involved in moral cognition were examined in three studies, taking as their starting point the assumption that the cognitive-developmental perspective commonly taken is too narrow and that individual differences and implicit processes need to be taken into consideration.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Study I focused on the role of defense mechanisms in moral thinking. A self-report questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of measuring three aspects of morality: moralism, conscience and need for reparation. As hypothesized, a significant positive relationship was found between moralism and the defense mechanism of isolation, particularly isolation of affect, supporting the idea that implicit processes are important for moral functioning.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
In Study II the effects on moral reasoning of gender, time pressure and seriousness of the issue at hand were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, women were found, as predicted from C. Gilligan's (1982) moral judgment model, to be more care-oriented in their reasoning than men. Both time pressure and consideration of everyday as opposed to serious moral dilemmas led to an increase in a justice orientation as compared with a care orientation in moral judgments. In the second experiment, moral reasoning was coded in terms of its being either duty-oriented (duty, obligations, rights) or consequence-oriented (effects on others). Men were found to be more duty-oriented than women, and time pressure to lead to a greater incidence of duty orientation.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Study III, involving two experiments, concerned the question of whether moral judgment is primarily based on intuition or on reasoning. In Experiment 1 participants were presented with a classic moral reasoning task (Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma") and with four other tasks designed to put intuition and reason in conflict with one another. On the four latter tasks, but not on the Heinz task, judgments were found to be based more on gut feelings than on reasoning, participants frequently laughing and stating directly that they were unable to give reasons in support of their judgments. This phenomenon, the stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a judgment without supporting reasons, was dubbed "moral dumbfounding." In Experiment 2, reasoning processes were put under pressure by means of cognitive load. High load was found to lead to arguments of lower quality, but the predicted effects of increased dumbfounding and shorter time before giving up the discussion could not be shown. The existence of moral dumbfounding calls into question models in which moral judgment is regarded as being produced solely by moral reasoning. It is suggested that both implicit processes and reasoning should be included in models of moral cognition and that taking account of the interaction between the two is important for an adequate understanding of moral judgment.}},
  author       = {{Björklund, Fredrik}},
  keywords     = {{Psychology; Psykologi}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Psychology, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Moral cognition : Individual differences, intuition and reasoning in moral judgment}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/5914413/1002088.pdf}},
  year         = {{2000}},
}