An Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Anxiety Disorder and Its Cross-Generational Familial Relationship With Major Depression
(2022) In The American journal of psychiatry 179(9). p.640-649- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To clarify, using an extended adoption design, the sources of parent-offspring transmission for anxiety disorder (AD) and its major subforms and their familial cross-generational relationship with major depression (MD). METHODS: Offspring (born 1960-1992) and their parents, from six family types (intact, not-lived-with biological father or mother, lived-with step-father or step-mother, and adoptive), were ascertained from Swedish national samples. Diagnoses were obtained from national medical registers. We assessed three sources of parent-child resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only. To test comorbidity effects, single diagnoses were assigned in comorbid cases based on frequency and recency. RESULTS:... (More)
OBJECTIVE: To clarify, using an extended adoption design, the sources of parent-offspring transmission for anxiety disorder (AD) and its major subforms and their familial cross-generational relationship with major depression (MD). METHODS: Offspring (born 1960-1992) and their parents, from six family types (intact, not-lived-with biological father or mother, lived-with step-father or step-mother, and adoptive), were ascertained from Swedish national samples. Diagnoses were obtained from national medical registers. We assessed three sources of parent-child resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only. To test comorbidity effects, single diagnoses were assigned in comorbid cases based on frequency and recency. RESULTS: For AD to AD parent-child transmission, best-estimate tetrachoric correlations for the three types of parent-offspring relationships genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only-equaled +0.16 (95% CI=0.16, 0.16), +0.12 (95% CI=0.10, 0.13), and +0.06 (95% CI=0.04, 0.07), respectively, with broadly similar results for MD to MD transmission. Cross-disorder cross-generation correlations were modestly lower, with genetic and rearing correlations for AD and MD estimated at +0.83 (95% CI=0.76, 0.90) and +0.83 (95% CI=0.69, 0.96), respectively. Analyses for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) produced comparable findings, with the genetic correlation with MD modestly higher for generalized anxiety disorder than panic disorder. Applying a diagnostic hierarchy to comorbid cases resulted in a decline in cross-disorder cross-generation transmission with the estimated genetic correlation equaling +0.46 (95% CI=0.30, 0.62). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: For AD and its major subforms, cross-generational transmission includes both genetic and rearing effects. In traditional analyses, AD and MD demonstrate highly correlated genetic and rearing effects. The genetic correlation weakened when applying a diagnostic hierarchy.
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- author
- Kendler, Kenneth S. ; Abrahamsson, Linda LU ; Ohlsson, Henrik LU ; Sundquist, Jan LU and Sundquist, Kristina LU
- organization
- publishing date
- 2022-09
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Genetics/Genomics, Major Depressive Disorder
- in
- The American journal of psychiatry
- volume
- 179
- issue
- 9
- pages
- 10 pages
- publisher
- American Psychiatric Association
- external identifiers
-
- pmid:36048482
- scopus:85137138042
- ISSN
- 1535-7228
- DOI
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111110
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- 19051bdd-52be-412f-a60f-2cf2f86b9abd
- date added to LUP
- 2022-11-14 13:39:01
- date last changed
- 2024-04-16 14:46:42
@article{19051bdd-52be-412f-a60f-2cf2f86b9abd,
abstract = {{<p>OBJECTIVE: To clarify, using an extended adoption design, the sources of parent-offspring transmission for anxiety disorder (AD) and its major subforms and their familial cross-generational relationship with major depression (MD). METHODS: Offspring (born 1960-1992) and their parents, from six family types (intact, not-lived-with biological father or mother, lived-with step-father or step-mother, and adoptive), were ascertained from Swedish national samples. Diagnoses were obtained from national medical registers. We assessed three sources of parent-child resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only. To test comorbidity effects, single diagnoses were assigned in comorbid cases based on frequency and recency. RESULTS: For AD to AD parent-child transmission, best-estimate tetrachoric correlations for the three types of parent-offspring relationships genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only-equaled +0.16 (95% CI=0.16, 0.16), +0.12 (95% CI=0.10, 0.13), and +0.06 (95% CI=0.04, 0.07), respectively, with broadly similar results for MD to MD transmission. Cross-disorder cross-generation correlations were modestly lower, with genetic and rearing correlations for AD and MD estimated at +0.83 (95% CI=0.76, 0.90) and +0.83 (95% CI=0.69, 0.96), respectively. Analyses for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) produced comparable findings, with the genetic correlation with MD modestly higher for generalized anxiety disorder than panic disorder. Applying a diagnostic hierarchy to comorbid cases resulted in a decline in cross-disorder cross-generation transmission with the estimated genetic correlation equaling +0.46 (95% CI=0.30, 0.62). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: For AD and its major subforms, cross-generational transmission includes both genetic and rearing effects. In traditional analyses, AD and MD demonstrate highly correlated genetic and rearing effects. The genetic correlation weakened when applying a diagnostic hierarchy.</p>}},
author = {{Kendler, Kenneth S. and Abrahamsson, Linda and Ohlsson, Henrik and Sundquist, Jan and Sundquist, Kristina}},
issn = {{1535-7228}},
keywords = {{Anxiety Disorders; Depressive Disorders; Genetics/Genomics; Major Depressive Disorder}},
language = {{eng}},
number = {{9}},
pages = {{640--649}},
publisher = {{American Psychiatric Association}},
series = {{The American journal of psychiatry}},
title = {{An Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Anxiety Disorder and Its Cross-Generational Familial Relationship With Major Depression}},
url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21111110}},
doi = {{10.1176/appi.ajp.21111110}},
volume = {{179}},
year = {{2022}},
}