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Sensitivity to agricultural inputs and dispersal limitation determine the response of arable plants to time since transition to organic farming

Carrié, Romain LU ; Smith, Henrik G. LU and Ekroos, Johan LU (2024) In Journal of Applied Ecology
Abstract

Transitioning to low-input agricultural systems such as organic farming has been acknowledged as a way to mitigate negative effects of agriculture on biodiversity. However, the speed, magnitude and context dependence of biodiversity recovery after converting to organic farming remain uncertain. In this study, we explored the response of plant communities to time since transition to organic farming in a variety of production contexts. Using a spatially replicated space-for-time substitution design, we surveyed plant communities in small-grain cereal and ley fields in conventional and organic farms, distributed along independent gradients of time since transition to organic farming and proportion of seminatural grasslands in the... (More)

Transitioning to low-input agricultural systems such as organic farming has been acknowledged as a way to mitigate negative effects of agriculture on biodiversity. However, the speed, magnitude and context dependence of biodiversity recovery after converting to organic farming remain uncertain. In this study, we explored the response of plant communities to time since transition to organic farming in a variety of production contexts. Using a spatially replicated space-for-time substitution design, we surveyed plant communities in small-grain cereal and ley fields in conventional and organic farms, distributed along independent gradients of time since transition to organic farming and proportion of seminatural grasslands in the landscapes. We selected a set of response traits to explore the mechanism of potential time lag in that response to conversion. These traits were selected to characterize the sensitivity of plant species to agricultural inputs and their ability to respond swiftly to environmental changes. We found an increase in plant species richness and evenness in cereal fields with increasing time since transition to organic farming, and a similar but less pronounced pattern in leys. After 30 years of continuous organic farming, organic cereal fields harboured more than twice the number of plant species than newly converted fields. Importantly, we found that the dependence on insect pollination, sensitivity to herbicides and dispersal capacity of plants modulated the effects of time since transition on plant communities in cereal fields. This suggests that both management and biotic interactions shape plant community structure in response to organic practices over time. Policy implications. Our study highlights that benefits of organic farming for plant diversity are likely to take decades to become substantial after conversion. We found this slow recovery of plant communities to be driven by both the gradual improvement of habitat quality after conversion and species' dispersal limitation. Assessments of biodiversity benefits of organic farming should therefore consider this time delay to avoid underestimating its environmental performance. Farmers should also be supported during this ecological transitional phase during which yield-enhancing ecosystem services reliant on plant diversity might build up.

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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
epub
subject
keywords
agri-environment schemes, biodiversity, conversion, farming system, traits, transition, weeds
in
Journal of Applied Ecology
publisher
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
external identifiers
  • scopus:85189612086
ISSN
0021-8901
DOI
10.1111/1365-2664.14650
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
1a2332d1-5ee8-406b-8b8f-4664b7079da1
date added to LUP
2024-04-24 13:48:24
date last changed
2024-05-08 15:19:10
@article{1a2332d1-5ee8-406b-8b8f-4664b7079da1,
  abstract     = {{<p>Transitioning to low-input agricultural systems such as organic farming has been acknowledged as a way to mitigate negative effects of agriculture on biodiversity. However, the speed, magnitude and context dependence of biodiversity recovery after converting to organic farming remain uncertain. In this study, we explored the response of plant communities to time since transition to organic farming in a variety of production contexts. Using a spatially replicated space-for-time substitution design, we surveyed plant communities in small-grain cereal and ley fields in conventional and organic farms, distributed along independent gradients of time since transition to organic farming and proportion of seminatural grasslands in the landscapes. We selected a set of response traits to explore the mechanism of potential time lag in that response to conversion. These traits were selected to characterize the sensitivity of plant species to agricultural inputs and their ability to respond swiftly to environmental changes. We found an increase in plant species richness and evenness in cereal fields with increasing time since transition to organic farming, and a similar but less pronounced pattern in leys. After 30 years of continuous organic farming, organic cereal fields harboured more than twice the number of plant species than newly converted fields. Importantly, we found that the dependence on insect pollination, sensitivity to herbicides and dispersal capacity of plants modulated the effects of time since transition on plant communities in cereal fields. This suggests that both management and biotic interactions shape plant community structure in response to organic practices over time. Policy implications. Our study highlights that benefits of organic farming for plant diversity are likely to take decades to become substantial after conversion. We found this slow recovery of plant communities to be driven by both the gradual improvement of habitat quality after conversion and species' dispersal limitation. Assessments of biodiversity benefits of organic farming should therefore consider this time delay to avoid underestimating its environmental performance. Farmers should also be supported during this ecological transitional phase during which yield-enhancing ecosystem services reliant on plant diversity might build up.</p>}},
  author       = {{Carrié, Romain and Smith, Henrik G. and Ekroos, Johan}},
  issn         = {{0021-8901}},
  keywords     = {{agri-environment schemes; biodiversity; conversion; farming system; traits; transition; weeds}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{John Wiley & Sons Inc.}},
  series       = {{Journal of Applied Ecology}},
  title        = {{Sensitivity to agricultural inputs and dispersal limitation determine the response of arable plants to time since transition to organic farming}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14650}},
  doi          = {{10.1111/1365-2664.14650}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}