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Agrara entreprenörer. Böndernas roll i omvandlingen av jordbruket i Skåne ca 1800-1870.

Svensson, Patrick LU (2001) In Lund Studies in Economic History 16.
Abstract
This study deals with the agricultural transformation in 19th century Sweden. The aims are: firstly, to analyse the peasants' role as entrepreneurs in the transformation of agriculture, and secondly, to identify the distinctive characteristics of the agrarian entrepreneurs by studying particular aspects of entrepreneurial dealings during the agricultural transformation in Scania between 1800 and 1870. The background is that basic economic relationships in agriculture were changed during the 18th century. The more clearly defined property rights in agriculture, together with changes in other areas, created new possibilities for improved efficiency and thereby for increased production. These possibilities could be utilised by peasants who... (More)
This study deals with the agricultural transformation in 19th century Sweden. The aims are: firstly, to analyse the peasants' role as entrepreneurs in the transformation of agriculture, and secondly, to identify the distinctive characteristics of the agrarian entrepreneurs by studying particular aspects of entrepreneurial dealings during the agricultural transformation in Scania between 1800 and 1870. The background is that basic economic relationships in agriculture were changed during the 18th century. The more clearly defined property rights in agriculture, together with changes in other areas, created new possibilities for improved efficiency and thereby for increased production. These possibilities could be utilised by peasants who possessed certain distinctive characteristics.Empirical investigations of the enclosures and the credit market in three parishes, Brösarp, Saxtorp and V. Karaby, has been carried out. In the context of enclosures, an entrepreneur is defined as one who applied for enclosure. The analysis, comparing the applicants' characteristics with those of the other owners, is carried out on both village and parish levels. In the scrutiny of mortgage loans, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes out a loan tied to a mortgage, a loan sufficiently large for long-term investments. A multivariate analysis on individual level is used and the method employed is life-event analysis. Cox proportional hazard models are used to estimate the propensity to borrow. Entrepreneurs were present in areas with exclusively grain production and proximity to markets, as well as in the more peripheral areas with a more diversified economy. Peasants in the more central areas were, however, more active as entrepreneurs than peasants in the more peripheral areas. This was manifestedin the fact that peasants in the former areas themselves sought enclosure at a very early stage, and that they borrowed from institutional lenders to a higher degree. In the latter areas it could have been that individual ståndspersoner led the way with applications for enclosure and loans from institutional lenders, a conduct that later spread to the peasants. It is shown that certain distinctive features of the peasants defined as entrepreneurs were the same regardless of the environment. Above all, the capacity to produce a surplus was important for a peasant to utilise the new possibilities in entrepreneurial dealings. The ability to read and write may have functioned as a transaction technology. The investments that were made in education in the three parishes, and the fact that the ability to write was an important entrepreneurial attribute during enclosures, contribute to reinforcing this hypothesis. However, it is uncertain how education affected activities on the credit market. It is possible that the ability to write mainly lowered transaction costs in taking out institutional loans, rather than in loans between individuals. Variables such as gender and age have been tested and the concept of an exclusively male society has lost some of its credibility, as some women in the investigated areas took active part in the transformation. The probability of becoming an entrepreneur could also vary over time, depending on the economy's structural periods and business cycles. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Avhandlingen studerar den svenska jordbruksomvandlingen under 1800-talet. Syftet är dels att analysera böndernas roll i jordbruksomvandlingen, dels att identifiera de egenskaper som de ledande bönderna, de agrara entreprenörerna, hade. Detta görs genom att studera ansökningar om skifte och kreditmarknadens utnyttjande i tre skånska socknar, Brösarp, Saxtorp och V. Karaby, 1800-1870. Omvandlingen av det svenska jordbruket resulterade i en ökad produktion och en ökad produktivitet. Genom detta kunde en växande befolkning försörjas samtidigt som en överflyttning av arbetskraft till den framväxande industrin skedde. Dessutom utvecklades en rad institutioner under omvandlingen som underlättade den... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Avhandlingen studerar den svenska jordbruksomvandlingen under 1800-talet. Syftet är dels att analysera böndernas roll i jordbruksomvandlingen, dels att identifiera de egenskaper som de ledande bönderna, de agrara entreprenörerna, hade. Detta görs genom att studera ansökningar om skifte och kreditmarknadens utnyttjande i tre skånska socknar, Brösarp, Saxtorp och V. Karaby, 1800-1870. Omvandlingen av det svenska jordbruket resulterade i en ökad produktion och en ökad produktivitet. Genom detta kunde en växande befolkning försörjas samtidigt som en överflyttning av arbetskraft till den framväxande industrin skedde. Dessutom utvecklades en rad institutioner under omvandlingen som underlättade den kommande industrialiseringen. Exempel på sådana är t.ex. kreditmarknaden och ett utbildningsväsende. Jordbrukssektorn var också viktig genom att efterfrågan på industriprodukter kom från denna sektor. Inledningen till omvandlingen av jordbruket kom genom att grundläggande ekonomiska förhållanden i jordbruket ändrades under 1700-talet. Överskottsproduktionen, som tidigare hade gått till skatt, ökade och behölls alltmer av bönderna. Detta gällde speciellt för de bönder som själva ägde sin jord. Avgörande för att nya möjligheter som skapades skulle tas tillvara av bönderna var förändringar i äganderätten till jord. Tillsammans med en ökad kommersialisering genom en ökad befolkning, ökad specialisering och ökande priser på spannmål, gav detta incitament till en effektivisering av produktionen. De nya möjligheter som uppstod kunde utnyttjas av vissa bönder och genom detta spreds omvandlingen till andra områden. Undersökningen av skiftena omfattar främst enskiften och laga skiften under perioden 1800-1840. Ansökarna av skifte har definierats som entreprenörer i denna undersökning. Genom ansökandet kunde man tvinga även andra bönder i byn att skifta, d.v.s. till att omarrondera jorden så att mer enhetliga ägofigurer åstadkoms. Detta ledde till att det tidigare kollektiva beslutsfattandet ersattes med ett individuellt beslutsfattande. I skiftesstudien jämförs ansökarnas kännetecken (t.ex. kön, ålder, skrivkunnighet och ekonomiska resurser) med övriga bönders kännetecken. Undersökningen av kreditmarknaden behandlar lån med inteckning av gården som säkerhet. Entreprenör är här den person som lånade ett lån tillräckligt stort för att kunna användas till långsiktiga investeringar. En longitudinell databas och användandet av livsförloppsanalys medger att alla som lånat sådana lån jämförs med alla övriga jordägare i socknarna under perioden 1800-1870. Resultaten från de båda undersökningarna visar att entreprenörer fanns både i områden med uteslutande spannmålsproduktion nära en kommersiell miljö (Saxtorp och V. Karaby) och i mer perifera områden med mer diversifierad ekonomi (Brösarp). Bönder i de mer centrala områdena var dock aktivare som entreprenörer än bönderna i de mer perifera områdena. Detta genom att de själva sökte skifte tidigt efter att möjligheten uppkommit och att de i högre grad lånade stora lån till investeringar från institutionella långivare. I Brösarp verkar det snarare som att en grupp ståndspersoner ledde utvecklingen och att de sedan i sin tur följdes av några drivande bönder. Trots olikheterna i hur omvandlingen skedde visar det sig att bland de bönder som ledde utvecklingen fanns gemensamma kännetecken oavsett vilket område som studerades. Framförallt var det bönder med överskottsproduktion som utnyttjade de nya möjligheterna. En överskottsproduktion och en närhet till en marknad var i synnerhet gynnande för uppkomsten av entreprenörer. Själva ägandet av jorden verkade i undersökningarna inte spela någon viktig roll för att individen skulle vara entreprenör. Det är möjligt att skillnaden inte främst fanns mellan de undersökta skatte- och kronobönderna utan istället mellan dessa grupper och frälsebönderna i andra socknar. Individens utbildningsnivå, mätt som förmågan att kunna läsa och skriva, var viktig för benägenheten att ansöka om skifte. Däremot gav denna variabel ingen effekt vid studien av lånen mot inteckning. Möjligtvis kan skrivkunnigheten ha varit en tillgång vid lån från institutionella kreditgivare men inte i lika hög grad vid lån från privatpersoner. Även variabler som ålder och kön har testats och bilden av ett uteslutande manligt samhäller har naggats något i kanten då även kvinnor var aktiva som ansökare av skifte och som låntagare av investeringslån. Den bild av att vissa bönder var ledande i omvandlingen som skisserades i avhandlingens inledning har i de empiriska undersökningarna förstärkts. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Universitetslektor Pettersson, Ronny, Stockholms universitet
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Economics, Lantbruksekonomi, Agricultural economics, Ekonomisk och social historia, Social and economic history, 19th century Sweden., event-history analysis, longitudinal analysis, literacy, enclosures, credit market, peasants, property rights, agricultural revolution, Entrepreneurs, econometrics, economic theory, economic systems, economic policy, Nationalekonomi, ekonometri, ekonomisk teori, ekonomiska system, ekonomisk politik
in
Lund Studies in Economic History
volume
16
pages
278 pages
publisher
Almqvist & Wiksell International
defense location
Crafoordsalen, Holger Crafoords Ekonomicentrum, Lund
defense date
2001-04-28 10:00:00
external identifiers
  • other:ISRN: LUSADG/SAEH--2000/1059--SE
ISSN
1400-4860
ISBN
91-22-01916-2
language
Swedish
LU publication?
yes
id
685acec8-29b6-4dc7-af0d-2766a9f19126 (old id 20071)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 15:32:35
date last changed
2019-05-21 18:35:50
@phdthesis{685acec8-29b6-4dc7-af0d-2766a9f19126,
  abstract     = {{This study deals with the agricultural transformation in 19th century Sweden. The aims are: firstly, to analyse the peasants' role as entrepreneurs in the transformation of agriculture, and secondly, to identify the distinctive characteristics of the agrarian entrepreneurs by studying particular aspects of entrepreneurial dealings during the agricultural transformation in Scania between 1800 and 1870. The background is that basic economic relationships in agriculture were changed during the 18th century. The more clearly defined property rights in agriculture, together with changes in other areas, created new possibilities for improved efficiency and thereby for increased production. These possibilities could be utilised by peasants who possessed certain distinctive characteristics.Empirical investigations of the enclosures and the credit market in three parishes, Brösarp, Saxtorp and V. Karaby, has been carried out. In the context of enclosures, an entrepreneur is defined as one who applied for enclosure. The analysis, comparing the applicants' characteristics with those of the other owners, is carried out on both village and parish levels. In the scrutiny of mortgage loans, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes out a loan tied to a mortgage, a loan sufficiently large for long-term investments. A multivariate analysis on individual level is used and the method employed is life-event analysis. Cox proportional hazard models are used to estimate the propensity to borrow. Entrepreneurs were present in areas with exclusively grain production and proximity to markets, as well as in the more peripheral areas with a more diversified economy. Peasants in the more central areas were, however, more active as entrepreneurs than peasants in the more peripheral areas. This was manifestedin the fact that peasants in the former areas themselves sought enclosure at a very early stage, and that they borrowed from institutional lenders to a higher degree. In the latter areas it could have been that individual ståndspersoner led the way with applications for enclosure and loans from institutional lenders, a conduct that later spread to the peasants. It is shown that certain distinctive features of the peasants defined as entrepreneurs were the same regardless of the environment. Above all, the capacity to produce a surplus was important for a peasant to utilise the new possibilities in entrepreneurial dealings. The ability to read and write may have functioned as a transaction technology. The investments that were made in education in the three parishes, and the fact that the ability to write was an important entrepreneurial attribute during enclosures, contribute to reinforcing this hypothesis. However, it is uncertain how education affected activities on the credit market. It is possible that the ability to write mainly lowered transaction costs in taking out institutional loans, rather than in loans between individuals. Variables such as gender and age have been tested and the concept of an exclusively male society has lost some of its credibility, as some women in the investigated areas took active part in the transformation. The probability of becoming an entrepreneur could also vary over time, depending on the economy's structural periods and business cycles.}},
  author       = {{Svensson, Patrick}},
  isbn         = {{91-22-01916-2}},
  issn         = {{1400-4860}},
  keywords     = {{Economics; Lantbruksekonomi; Agricultural economics; Ekonomisk och social historia; Social and economic history; 19th century Sweden.; event-history analysis; longitudinal analysis; literacy; enclosures; credit market; peasants; property rights; agricultural revolution; Entrepreneurs; econometrics; economic theory; economic systems; economic policy; Nationalekonomi; ekonometri; ekonomisk teori; ekonomiska system; ekonomisk politik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  publisher    = {{Almqvist & Wiksell International}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund Studies in Economic History}},
  title        = {{Agrara entreprenörer. Böndernas roll i omvandlingen av jordbruket i Skåne ca 1800-1870.}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2001}},
}