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Pharyngotonsillitis in primary health care. Aetiology and clinical findings.

Pallon, Jon LU (2022) In Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
Abstract
Pharyngotonsillitis, or acute sore throat, is a common reason for attending primary health care and a common reason for antibiotic prescription. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has long been considered the most important pathogen in pharyngotonsillitis, but a wide array of other bacteria and viruses have also been associated with this condition. However, few studies have used modern approaches for aetiological detection to evaluate the clinical symptoms associated with these other microorganisms.

This thesis aims to learn more about which viruses and bacteria are present in patients seeking primary health care for acute sore throat and how these microorganisms are associated with the clinical course, complications and subsequent... (More)
Pharyngotonsillitis, or acute sore throat, is a common reason for attending primary health care and a common reason for antibiotic prescription. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has long been considered the most important pathogen in pharyngotonsillitis, but a wide array of other bacteria and viruses have also been associated with this condition. However, few studies have used modern approaches for aetiological detection to evaluate the clinical symptoms associated with these other microorganisms.

This thesis aims to learn more about which viruses and bacteria are present in patients seeking primary health care for acute sore throat and how these microorganisms are associated with the clinical course, complications and subsequent re-consultation for sore throat.

The thesis is based on four observational studies in Swedish primary health care – three prospective cohort studies and one retrospective registry-based study. The prospective studies were performed with similar designs in two cohorts of 348 young adults and 111 children, respectively, and included both symptomatic patients attending primary health care for acute sore throat and healthy controls. All subjects were sampled and screened with PCR and culture for 20–29 different viruses and bacteria and followed up by diaries or a review of electronic medical records. In the registry-based study, all 14 024 patients in Region Kronoberg who were diagnosed with pharyngo¬tonsillitis between 2012 and 2016 and subjected to aetiological testing with a rapid antigen detection test for GAS or with a throat culture were selected to analyse the association between aetiology, antibiotic prescription and re-consultation for pharyngotonsillitis or a complication.

The prospective studies showed that GAS was the most common finding in both children and young adults, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) and Fusobacterium necrophorum were rare in children. Viruses were less prevalent than expected, especially in children. In children, the detection rate of viruses and bacteria was high also in healthy controls and did not differ significantly from the patients.

Clinical signs and symptoms of viruses and bacteria overlapped extensively in both children and adults, so neither single nor combined symptoms were able to predict GAS or other aetiologies with a high probability. Cough and coryza have high negative predictive values for GAS but cannot readily be used to predict viruses. The Centor score was more predictive of any bacterial finding than of GAS specifically. The rapid antigen detection test (RADT) had an overall a high sensitivity and specificity for GAS but showed the best performance in patients with a Centor score of 3–4.

In the follow-up of the prospective studies, young adult patients with GAS had a higher rate of re-consultation for a sore throat within a month than patients with other aetiologies, although not in a longer perspective of 2 years.
In the registry-based study, antibiotic prescription was associated with a lower rate of return visits for pharyngotonsillitis in patients with a positive RADT for GAS. However, antibiotics were not associated with a lower incidence of purulent complications regardless of the aetiological finding.

In conclusion, our findings suggest that GAS remains the most important pathogen in pharyngotonsillitis, both in children and adults. SDSE was rare in children and uncommon in young adults and did not distinguish itself as a significant cause of acute pharyngotonsillitis, recurrent infections, or complications. F. necrophorum was rare in children but commonly detected in young adults. Moreover, it was associated with a higher incidence of peritonsillitis in the registry-based study than were GAS and SDSE. The large prevalence of respiratory viruses and bacteria in healthy children makes it challenging to judge the diagnostic relevance of an aetiological finding in a patient. Clinical signs and symptoms of viruses and bacteria overlapped too much in both children and adults, so neither single nor combined symptoms helped determine aetiology. However, cough and coryza might be helpful to rule out GAS. The results of the registry-based study suggest that antibiotics offer some protection against re-consultation for a sore throat in patients with a positive RADT. In contrast, antibiotics did not seem to protect against purulent complications regardless of aetiology. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Faryngotonsillit, eller halsfluss, är en vanlig orsak till att patienter söker primär-vård och är även en vanlig orsak till antibiotikaförskrivning. Bakterien Grupp A-streptokocker (GAS) har sedan länge varit den viktigaste mikroorganismen vid halsfluss, inte minst på grund av dess koppling till följdsjukdomar som exempelvis reumatisk hjärtsjukdom, men det finns många andra bakterier och virus som också förknippats med halsfluss. Dock saknas det studier som använder moderna metoder för påvisande av dessa andra bakterier och virus, och som undersöker vilka kliniska symptom de ger upphov till. Syftet med denna avhandling var att skaffa mer kunskap om vilka bakterier och virus som kan påvisas hos patienter som söker primärvård för halsfluss,... (More)
Faryngotonsillit, eller halsfluss, är en vanlig orsak till att patienter söker primär-vård och är även en vanlig orsak till antibiotikaförskrivning. Bakterien Grupp A-streptokocker (GAS) har sedan länge varit den viktigaste mikroorganismen vid halsfluss, inte minst på grund av dess koppling till följdsjukdomar som exempelvis reumatisk hjärtsjukdom, men det finns många andra bakterier och virus som också förknippats med halsfluss. Dock saknas det studier som använder moderna metoder för påvisande av dessa andra bakterier och virus, och som undersöker vilka kliniska symptom de ger upphov till. Syftet med denna avhandling var att skaffa mer kunskap om vilka bakterier och virus som kan påvisas hos patienter som söker primärvård för halsfluss, och vad de ger upphov till för symtom och kliniskt förlopp, inklusive följdsjukdomar och nya besök för halsfluss.

Avhandlingen baseras på fyra observationsstudier i svensk primärvård, av vilka tre följde patienter framåt över tid och en var en tillbakablickande registerstudie. De tre framåtblickande studierna genomfördes med liknande design i två grupper av patienter, dels 348 unga vuxna, dels 111 barn, och innefattade både sjuka patienter som sökte primärvård för halsfluss, och symtomfria kontrollpersoner. Samtliga studiepersoner genomgick provtagning och screenades avseende 20–29 olika virus och bakterier med PCR-teknik och bakterieodling. I tillägg registrerades uppgifter om kliniska symtom och fynd. Uppföljning skedde genom dagböcker eller journalgranskning. I registerstudien valdes alla 14 024 patienter ut som diagnostiserats med halsfluss i Region Kronoberg under åren 2012–16 och som genomgått rutinmässig testning för bakterier med snabbtest för GAS eller med svalgodling. Därefter undersöktes sambandet mellan påvisad bakterie, antibiotikaförskrivning och nya besök för halsfluss eller följdsjukdomar.
De framåtblickande studierna visade att GAS var det vanligaste fyndet hos både barn och vuxna, och att bakterierna Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) och Fusobacterium necrophorum var sällsynta hos barn. Hos barn sågs ett stort bärarskap av både virus och bakterier hos friska individer, och andelen friska barn med ett påvisat virus eller bakterie skilde sig inte statistiskt säkerställt från de sjuka patienterna.

De kliniska symtomen hos patienterna var överlag väldigt lika, oavsett vilket virus eller bakterie som kunde påvisas, och skilde sig inte tillräckligt mycket åt för att kunna användas diagnostiskt, vare sig enskilt eller i kombination. Snuva och hosta utesluter GAS med stor sannolikhet, men kan inte användas för att påvisa virus. Centor-kriterierna var bättre på att påvisa bakterier överlag, än GAS specifikt. Snabbtestet för GAS var överlag bra på att upptäcka patienter med GAS, och ännu träffsäkrare när det gällde att utesluta GAS. Allra träffsäkrast var snabbtestet hos de patienter som hade högst Centor-poäng (3–4 poäng av 4 möjliga).

I uppföljningen av de framåtblickande studierna gjorde patienter med GAS fler återbesök för halsfluss inom en månad, jämfört med patienter med virus eller andra bakterier. Efter två år sågs dock inga gruppskillnader i andelen patienter som hade sökt minst en gång igen för halsfluss. I registerstudien var antibiotikaförskrivning förknippat med en lägre andel återbesök för halsfluss inom en månad hos patienter med ett positivt snabbtest för GAS, jämfört med de som inte fick antibiotika. Däremot var antibiotikaförskrivning inte förknippat med en lägre andel följdsjukdomar, oavsett resultat på snabbtestet.

Våra fynd tyder på att GAS fortsatt måste betraktas som den viktigaste mikroorganismen vid halsfluss, både hos barn och vuxna. SDSE utmärkte sig inte som extra betydelsefull när det gäller återinsjuknande i halsfluss eller i följdsjukdomar. F. necrophorum var ovanlig hos barn men påvisades ofta hos unga vuxna; i registerstudien förknippades den även i högre utsträckning med utvecklandet av halsböld än vad GAS och SDSE gjorde. Den höga förekomsten av luftvägsvirus och bakterier hos friska barn gör det svårt att bedöma relevansen av ett påvisat virus eller bakterie hos en patient, eftersom även barn med symtom kan antas ha ett sådant bärarskap jämte sin infektion. Kliniska symtom och fynd överlappade alltför mycket mellan patienter med olika fynd av virus och bakterier för att vara diagnostiskt meningsfulla. Däremot kan hosta och snuva utesluta GAS med hög sannolikhet. Registerstudien antyder att antibiotika skyddar mot återbesök för halsfluss på kort sikt hos patienter med positivt snabbtest för GAS. Däremot verkar inte antibiotika skydda mot följdsjukdomar, oavsett vad snabbtestet visar.
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Adjunct professor Åhrén, Christina, Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg,
organization
alternative title
Faryngotonsillit i primärvården : Etiologi och kliniska fynd
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Pharyngotonsillitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Primary Health Care, Fusobacterium necrophorum
in
Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
issue
2022:6
pages
102 pages
publisher
Lund University, Faculty of Medicine
defense location
Medelhavet, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53, ingång 46, Skånes Universitetssjukhus i Malmö. Join by Zoom: https://lu-se.zoom.us/j/65656604829
defense date
2022-01-21 13:00:00
ISSN
1652-8220
ISBN
978-91-8021-167-3
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
2e47870f-75b8-47ca-aa70-4f58ea0fa60a
date added to LUP
2021-12-28 08:12:22
date last changed
2022-01-07 09:32:23
@phdthesis{2e47870f-75b8-47ca-aa70-4f58ea0fa60a,
  abstract     = {{Pharyngotonsillitis, or acute sore throat, is a common reason for attending primary health care and a common reason for antibiotic prescription. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has long been considered the most important pathogen in pharyngotonsillitis, but a wide array of other bacteria and viruses have also been associated with this condition. However, few studies have used modern approaches for aetiological detection to evaluate the clinical symptoms associated with these other microorganisms.<br/><br/>This thesis aims to learn more about which viruses and bacteria are present in patients seeking primary health care for acute sore throat and how these microorganisms are associated with the clinical course, complications and subsequent re-consultation for sore throat.<br/><br/>The thesis is based on four observational studies in Swedish primary health care – three prospective cohort studies and one retrospective registry-based study. The prospective studies were performed with similar designs in two cohorts of 348 young adults and 111 children, respectively, and included both symptomatic patients attending primary health care for acute sore throat and healthy controls. All subjects were sampled and screened with PCR and culture for 20–29 different viruses and bacteria and followed up by diaries or a review of electronic medical records. In the registry-based study, all 14 024 patients in Region Kronoberg who were diagnosed with pharyngo¬tonsillitis between 2012 and 2016 and subjected to aetiological testing with a rapid antigen detection test for GAS or with a throat culture were selected to analyse the association between aetiology, antibiotic prescription and re-consultation for pharyngotonsillitis or a complication.<br/><br/>The prospective studies showed that GAS was the most common finding in both children and young adults, and <i>Streptococcus dysgalactiae </i>subsp. <i>equisimilis </i>(SDSE) and <i>Fusobacterium necrophorum</i> were rare in children. Viruses were less prevalent than expected, especially in children. In children, the detection rate of viruses and bacteria was high also in healthy controls and did not differ significantly from the patients.<br/><br/>Clinical signs and symptoms of viruses and bacteria overlapped extensively in both children and adults, so neither single nor combined symptoms were able to predict GAS or other aetiologies with a high probability. Cough and coryza have high negative predictive values for GAS but cannot readily be used to predict viruses. The Centor score was more predictive of any bacterial finding than of GAS specifically. The rapid antigen detection test (RADT) had an overall a high sensitivity and specificity for GAS but showed the best performance in patients with a Centor score of 3–4.<br/><br/>In the follow-up of the prospective studies, young adult patients with GAS had a higher rate of re-consultation for a sore throat within a month than patients with other aetiologies, although not in a longer perspective of 2 years.<br/>In the registry-based study, antibiotic prescription was associated with a lower rate of return visits for pharyngotonsillitis in patients with a positive RADT for GAS. However, antibiotics were not associated with a lower incidence of purulent complications regardless of the aetiological finding.<br/><br/>In conclusion, our findings suggest that GAS remains the most important pathogen in pharyngotonsillitis, both in children and adults. SDSE was rare in children and uncommon in young adults and did not distinguish itself as a significant cause of acute pharyngotonsillitis, recurrent infections, or complications. <i>F. necrophorum</i> was rare in children but commonly detected in young adults. Moreover, it was associated with a higher incidence of peritonsillitis in the registry-based study than were GAS and SDSE. The large prevalence of respiratory viruses and bacteria in healthy children makes it challenging to judge the diagnostic relevance of an aetiological finding in a patient. Clinical signs and symptoms of viruses and bacteria overlapped too much in both children and adults, so neither single nor combined symptoms helped determine aetiology. However, cough and coryza might be helpful to rule out GAS. The results of the registry-based study suggest that antibiotics offer some protection against re-consultation for a sore throat in patients with a positive RADT. In contrast, antibiotics did not seem to protect against purulent complications regardless of aetiology.}},
  author       = {{Pallon, Jon}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8021-167-3}},
  issn         = {{1652-8220}},
  keywords     = {{Pharyngotonsillitis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Primary Health Care; Fusobacterium necrophorum}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2022:6}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University, Faculty of Medicine}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series}},
  title        = {{Pharyngotonsillitis in primary health care. Aetiology and clinical findings.}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/111414314/Jon_Pallon_HELA.pdf}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}