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Epigenetic differences at immune and type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes in blood from young children after COVID-19 infection

Ott, Raffael ; Singh, Tarini ; Schütte-Borkovec, Katharina ; Scholz, Marlon ; Casteels, Kristina ; Gemulla, Gita ; Kordonouri, Olga ; Elding Larsson, Helena LU orcid ; Szypowska, Agnieszka and Todd, John A. , et al. (2025) In Journal of Autoimmunity 156.
Abstract

Background: Viral infections, including COVID-19, are associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but potential underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We evaluated whether COVID-19 or influenza A infection is characterized by differential DNA methylation at immune and T1D susceptibility genes in young children at risk for T1D. Methods: Epigenome-wide association analysis using the Illumina MethylationEPIC microarray was performed in blood taken at age 1.5 years (IQR, 1.49–1.52 y) from 740 prospectively followed children with increased risk of T1D. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H1N1 antibodies were monitored at 2–4-month intervals from age 6 months to identify infection. Results: COVID-19 and influenza infection occurred... (More)

Background: Viral infections, including COVID-19, are associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but potential underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We evaluated whether COVID-19 or influenza A infection is characterized by differential DNA methylation at immune and T1D susceptibility genes in young children at risk for T1D. Methods: Epigenome-wide association analysis using the Illumina MethylationEPIC microarray was performed in blood taken at age 1.5 years (IQR, 1.49–1.52 y) from 740 prospectively followed children with increased risk of T1D. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H1N1 antibodies were monitored at 2–4-month intervals from age 6 months to identify infection. Results: COVID-19 and influenza infection occurred prior to the DNA methylation sample in 81 and 74 children, respectively. Of these, infection occurred within 3 months of the DNA methylation sample (recent infection) in 43 and 22 children. Compared to children without COVID-19 or influenza A infection, children with recent COVID-19 infection showed differential methylation at key immune- and antiviral genes, including ADAR, IFI44L, MX1 and OASL. In addition to ADAR, six further T1D susceptibility genes, including the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor neuropilin-1, had differential methylation at nearby CpGs in children infected by SARS-CoV-2. A quantitatively less differential methylation was also observed in children with an earlier COVID-19 infection at some of these CpG sites. Infections with influenza showed no associations. Conclusion: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed sustained DNA methylation changes at genes critical for antiviral response and T1D susceptibility, potentially contributing to immune dysregulation and promotion of the autoimmune process underlying T1D.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Autoimmunity, COVID-19, DNA methylation, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, Type 1 diabetes, Viral infection
in
Journal of Autoimmunity
volume
156
article number
103468
publisher
Academic Press
external identifiers
  • pmid:40749537
  • scopus:105011987965
ISSN
0896-8411
DOI
10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103468
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Authors
id
31277947-1cf1-45df-a69e-06098fcd7acc
date added to LUP
2025-11-13 16:16:24
date last changed
2025-11-27 17:36:43
@article{31277947-1cf1-45df-a69e-06098fcd7acc,
  abstract     = {{<p>Background: Viral infections, including COVID-19, are associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but potential underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We evaluated whether COVID-19 or influenza A infection is characterized by differential DNA methylation at immune and T1D susceptibility genes in young children at risk for T1D. Methods: Epigenome-wide association analysis using the Illumina MethylationEPIC microarray was performed in blood taken at age 1.5 years (IQR, 1.49–1.52 y) from 740 prospectively followed children with increased risk of T1D. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H1N1 antibodies were monitored at 2–4-month intervals from age 6 months to identify infection. Results: COVID-19 and influenza infection occurred prior to the DNA methylation sample in 81 and 74 children, respectively. Of these, infection occurred within 3 months of the DNA methylation sample (recent infection) in 43 and 22 children. Compared to children without COVID-19 or influenza A infection, children with recent COVID-19 infection showed differential methylation at key immune- and antiviral genes, including ADAR, IFI44L, MX1 and OASL. In addition to ADAR, six further T1D susceptibility genes, including the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor neuropilin-1, had differential methylation at nearby CpGs in children infected by SARS-CoV-2. A quantitatively less differential methylation was also observed in children with an earlier COVID-19 infection at some of these CpG sites. Infections with influenza showed no associations. Conclusion: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed sustained DNA methylation changes at genes critical for antiviral response and T1D susceptibility, potentially contributing to immune dysregulation and promotion of the autoimmune process underlying T1D.</p>}},
  author       = {{Ott, Raffael and Singh, Tarini and Schütte-Borkovec, Katharina and Scholz, Marlon and Casteels, Kristina and Gemulla, Gita and Kordonouri, Olga and Elding Larsson, Helena and Szypowska, Agnieszka and Todd, John A. and Ziegler, Anette G. and Bonifacio, Ezio}},
  issn         = {{0896-8411}},
  keywords     = {{Autoimmunity; COVID-19; DNA methylation; Influenza; SARS-CoV-2; Type 1 diabetes; Viral infection}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Academic Press}},
  series       = {{Journal of Autoimmunity}},
  title        = {{Epigenetic differences at immune and type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes in blood from young children after COVID-19 infection}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103468}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103468}},
  volume       = {{156}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}