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Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes : an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies

Kristensen, Karl LU ; Ögge, Linda E. ; Sengpiel, Verena ; Kjölhede, Karin ; Dotevall, Annika ; Elfvin, Anders ; Knop, Filip K. ; Wiberg, Nana LU orcid ; Katsarou, Anastasia LU and Shaat, Nael LU orcid , et al. (2019) In Diabetologia 62(7). p.1143-1153
Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to analyse patterns of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for associations with large for gestational age (LGA) infants and an adverse neonatal composite outcome (NCO) in pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of 186 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in Sweden. The interstitial glucose readings from 92 real-time (rt) CGM and 94 intermittently viewed (i) CGM devices were used to calculate mean glucose, SD, CV%, time spent in target range (3.5–7.8 mmol/l), mean amplitude of glucose excursions and also high and low blood glucose indices (HBGI and LBGI, respectively). Electronic records provided information on maternal demographics and... (More)

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to analyse patterns of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for associations with large for gestational age (LGA) infants and an adverse neonatal composite outcome (NCO) in pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of 186 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in Sweden. The interstitial glucose readings from 92 real-time (rt) CGM and 94 intermittently viewed (i) CGM devices were used to calculate mean glucose, SD, CV%, time spent in target range (3.5–7.8 mmol/l), mean amplitude of glucose excursions and also high and low blood glucose indices (HBGI and LBGI, respectively). Electronic records provided information on maternal demographics and neonatal outcomes. Associations between CGM indices and neonatal outcomes were analysed by stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Results: The number of infants born LGA was similar in rtCGM and iCGM users (52% vs 53%). In the combined group, elevated mean glucose levels in the second and the third trimester were significantly associated with LGA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.08, and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12, 2.19, respectively). Furthermore, a high percentage of time in target in the second and the third trimester was associated with lower risk of LGA (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.99 and OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 1.00, respectively). The same associations were found for mean glucose and for time in target and the risk of NCO in all trimesters. SD was significantly associated with LGA in the second trimester and with NCO in the third trimester. Glucose patterns did not differ between rtCGM and iCGM users except that rtCGM users had lower LBGI and spent less time below target. Conclusions/interpretation: Higher mean glucose levels, higher SD and less time in target range were associated with increased risk of LGA and NCO. Despite the use of CGM throughout pregnancy, the day-to-day glucose control was not optimal and the incidence of LGA remained high.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Continuous glucose monitoring, Fetal growth, Neonatal complications, Pregnancy, Type 1 diabetes
in
Diabetologia
volume
62
issue
7
pages
1143 - 1153
publisher
Springer
external identifiers
  • pmid:30904938
  • scopus:85064087953
ISSN
0012-186X
DOI
10.1007/s00125-019-4850-0
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
3dd74979-3546-44d8-9a3f-944d624b2fcf
date added to LUP
2019-05-02 12:46:25
date last changed
2024-04-16 04:38:29
@article{3dd74979-3546-44d8-9a3f-944d624b2fcf,
  abstract     = {{<p>Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to analyse patterns of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for associations with large for gestational age (LGA) infants and an adverse neonatal composite outcome (NCO) in pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of 186 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in Sweden. The interstitial glucose readings from 92 real-time (rt) CGM and 94 intermittently viewed (i) CGM devices were used to calculate mean glucose, SD, CV%, time spent in target range (3.5–7.8 mmol/l), mean amplitude of glucose excursions and also high and low blood glucose indices (HBGI and LBGI, respectively). Electronic records provided information on maternal demographics and neonatal outcomes. Associations between CGM indices and neonatal outcomes were analysed by stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Results: The number of infants born LGA was similar in rtCGM and iCGM users (52% vs 53%). In the combined group, elevated mean glucose levels in the second and the third trimester were significantly associated with LGA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.08, and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12, 2.19, respectively). Furthermore, a high percentage of time in target in the second and the third trimester was associated with lower risk of LGA (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.99 and OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 1.00, respectively). The same associations were found for mean glucose and for time in target and the risk of NCO in all trimesters. SD was significantly associated with LGA in the second trimester and with NCO in the third trimester. Glucose patterns did not differ between rtCGM and iCGM users except that rtCGM users had lower LBGI and spent less time below target. Conclusions/interpretation: Higher mean glucose levels, higher SD and less time in target range were associated with increased risk of LGA and NCO. Despite the use of CGM throughout pregnancy, the day-to-day glucose control was not optimal and the incidence of LGA remained high.</p>}},
  author       = {{Kristensen, Karl and Ögge, Linda E. and Sengpiel, Verena and Kjölhede, Karin and Dotevall, Annika and Elfvin, Anders and Knop, Filip K. and Wiberg, Nana and Katsarou, Anastasia and Shaat, Nael and Kristensen, Lars and Berntorp, Kerstin}},
  issn         = {{0012-186X}},
  keywords     = {{Continuous glucose monitoring; Fetal growth; Neonatal complications; Pregnancy; Type 1 diabetes}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{1143--1153}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  series       = {{Diabetologia}},
  title        = {{Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes : an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4850-0}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00125-019-4850-0}},
  volume       = {{62}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}