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Time-resolved 3D imaging opportunities with XMPI at ForMAX

Rogalinski, Julia Katharina LU orcid ; Yao, Zisheng LU orcid ; Zhang, Yuhe LU ; Hu, Zhe LU ; Gordeyeva, Korneliya ; Rosén, Tomas ; Söderberg, Daniel ; Mazzolari, Andrea ; da Silva, Jackson LU and Haghighat, Vahid LU , et al. (2026) In Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 33. p.417-428
Abstract

X-rays are commonly used in imaging experiments due to their penetration power, which enables non-destructive resolution of internal structures in samples that are opaque to visible light. Time-resolved X-ray tomography is the state-of-the-art method for obtaining volumetric 4D (3D + time) information by rotating the sample and acquiring projections from different angular viewpoints over time. This method enables studies to address a plethora of research questions across various scientific disciplines. However, it has several limitations, such as incompatibility with single-shot experiments, challenges in rotating complex sample environments that restrict the achievable rotation speed or range, and the introduction of centrifugal forces... (More)

X-rays are commonly used in imaging experiments due to their penetration power, which enables non-destructive resolution of internal structures in samples that are opaque to visible light. Time-resolved X-ray tomography is the state-of-the-art method for obtaining volumetric 4D (3D + time) information by rotating the sample and acquiring projections from different angular viewpoints over time. This method enables studies to address a plethora of research questions across various scientific disciplines. However, it has several limitations, such as incompatibility with single-shot experiments, challenges in rotating complex sample environments that restrict the achievable rotation speed or range, and the introduction of centrifugal forces that can affect the sample’s dynamics. These limitations can hinder and even preclude the study of certain dynamics. Here, we present an implementation of an alternative approach, X-ray multi-projection imaging (XMPI), which eliminates the need for sample rotation. Instead, the direct incident X-ray beam is split into beamlets using beam splitting X-ray optics. These beamlets intersect at the sample position from different angular viewpoints, allowing multiple projections to be acquired simultaneously. We commissioned this setup at the ForMAX beamline at MAX IV, the first operational diffraction-limited storage ring. We present projections acquired from two different sample systems – fibers under mechanical load and particle suspension in multiphase flow – with distinct spatial and temporal resolution requirements. We demonstrate the capabilities of the ForMAX XMPI setup using the detector’s full analog-to-digital converter range for the relevant sample-driven spatiotemporal resolutions: (i) at least 12.5 kHz frame rates with 4 mm pixel sizes (fibers) and (ii) 40 Hz acquisitions with 1.3 mm pixel sizes (multiphase flows). The presented setup and results form the basis for a permanent XMPI endstation at ForMAX, offering flexibility to adapt to the spatiotemporal requirements of the studied dynamics.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
ForMAX beamline, MAX IV, time-resolved 3D imaging, X-ray imaging, X-ray multi-projection imaging
in
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
volume
33
pages
12 pages
publisher
International Union of Crystallography
external identifiers
  • scopus:105031634876
  • pmid:41563906
ISSN
0909-0495
DOI
10.1107/S1600577525011038
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Publisher Copyright: © 2026 International Union of Crystallography. All rights reserved.
id
47adc35a-5eb4-4d78-815e-73c5ce0cc147
date added to LUP
2026-04-07 14:05:06
date last changed
2026-04-08 03:29:11
@article{47adc35a-5eb4-4d78-815e-73c5ce0cc147,
  abstract     = {{<p>X-rays are commonly used in imaging experiments due to their penetration power, which enables non-destructive resolution of internal structures in samples that are opaque to visible light. Time-resolved X-ray tomography is the state-of-the-art method for obtaining volumetric 4D (3D + time) information by rotating the sample and acquiring projections from different angular viewpoints over time. This method enables studies to address a plethora of research questions across various scientific disciplines. However, it has several limitations, such as incompatibility with single-shot experiments, challenges in rotating complex sample environments that restrict the achievable rotation speed or range, and the introduction of centrifugal forces that can affect the sample’s dynamics. These limitations can hinder and even preclude the study of certain dynamics. Here, we present an implementation of an alternative approach, X-ray multi-projection imaging (XMPI), which eliminates the need for sample rotation. Instead, the direct incident X-ray beam is split into beamlets using beam splitting X-ray optics. These beamlets intersect at the sample position from different angular viewpoints, allowing multiple projections to be acquired simultaneously. We commissioned this setup at the ForMAX beamline at MAX IV, the first operational diffraction-limited storage ring. We present projections acquired from two different sample systems – fibers under mechanical load and particle suspension in multiphase flow – with distinct spatial and temporal resolution requirements. We demonstrate the capabilities of the ForMAX XMPI setup using the detector’s full analog-to-digital converter range for the relevant sample-driven spatiotemporal resolutions: (i) at least 12.5 kHz frame rates with 4 mm pixel sizes (fibers) and (ii) 40 Hz acquisitions with 1.3 mm pixel sizes (multiphase flows). The presented setup and results form the basis for a permanent XMPI endstation at ForMAX, offering flexibility to adapt to the spatiotemporal requirements of the studied dynamics.</p>}},
  author       = {{Rogalinski, Julia Katharina and Yao, Zisheng and Zhang, Yuhe and Hu, Zhe and Gordeyeva, Korneliya and Rosén, Tomas and Söderberg, Daniel and Mazzolari, Andrea and da Silva, Jackson and Haghighat, Vahid and McDonald, Samuel A. and Nygård, Kim and Asimakopoulou, Eleni Myrto and Villanueva-Perez, Pablo}},
  issn         = {{0909-0495}},
  keywords     = {{ForMAX beamline; MAX IV; time-resolved 3D imaging; X-ray imaging; X-ray multi-projection imaging}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  pages        = {{417--428}},
  publisher    = {{International Union of Crystallography}},
  series       = {{Journal of Synchrotron Radiation}},
  title        = {{Time-resolved 3D imaging opportunities with XMPI at ForMAX}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600577525011038}},
  doi          = {{10.1107/S1600577525011038}},
  volume       = {{33}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}