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Rising Hemoglobin A1c in the Nondiabetic Range Predicts Progression of Type 1 Diabetes As Well As Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests

Vehik, Kendra LU ; Boulware, David ; Killian, Michael ; Rewers, Marian ; McIndoe, Richard ; Toppari, Jorma ; Lernmark, Åke LU orcid ; Akolkar, Beena ; Ziegler, Anette-G and Rodriguez, Henry , et al. (2022) In Diabetes Care 45(10). p.2342-2349
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers predicting risk of type 1 diabetes (stage 3) among children with islet autoantibodies are greatly needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and facilitate prevention therapies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children in the prospective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study (n = 707) with confirmed diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GAD antibody, IA-2A, and/or insulin autoantibody) and two or more HbA1c measurements were followed to diabetes or median age 11.1 years. Once confirmed autoantibody positive, HbA1c was measured quarterly. Cox models and receiver operative characteristic curve analyses revealed the prognostic utility for risk of stage 3 on a relative HbA1c increase from... (More)

OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers predicting risk of type 1 diabetes (stage 3) among children with islet autoantibodies are greatly needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and facilitate prevention therapies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children in the prospective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study (n = 707) with confirmed diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GAD antibody, IA-2A, and/or insulin autoantibody) and two or more HbA1c measurements were followed to diabetes or median age 11.1 years. Once confirmed autoantibody positive, HbA1c was measured quarterly. Cox models and receiver operative characteristic curve analyses revealed the prognostic utility for risk of stage 3 on a relative HbA1c increase from the baseline visit or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG). This HbA1c approach was then validated in the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (TrialNet) (n = 1,190).

RESULTS: A 10% relative HbA1c increase from baseline best marked the increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (74% sensitive; 88% specific). Significant predictors of risk for HbA1c change were age and HbA1c at the baseline test, genetic sex, maximum number of autoantibodies, and maximum rate of HbA1c increase by time of change. The multivariable model featuring a HbA1c ≥10% increase and these additional factors revealed increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (hazard ratio [HR] 12.74, 95% CI 8.7-18.6, P < 0.0001) and TrialNet (HR 5.09, 95% CI 3.3-7.9, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the composite model using HbA1c ≥10% increase performed similarly to an OGTT 2-hPG composite model (TEDDY area under the curve [AUC] 0.88 and 0.85, respectively) and to the HbA1c model in TrialNet (AUC 0.82).

CONCLUSIONS: An increase of ≥10% in HbA1c from baseline is as informative as OGTT 2-hPG in predicting risk of stage 3 in youth with genetic risk and diabetes-associated autoantibodies.

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author collaboration
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Diabetes Care
volume
45
issue
10
pages
2342 - 2349
publisher
American Diabetes Association
external identifiers
  • pmid:36150054
  • scopus:85138482502
ISSN
1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/dc22-0828
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
© 2022 by the American Diabetes Association.
id
50ddb890-3cfa-4b4a-ae5d-d18af17bd3b1
date added to LUP
2022-09-28 12:07:48
date last changed
2024-06-09 22:40:37
@article{50ddb890-3cfa-4b4a-ae5d-d18af17bd3b1,
  abstract     = {{<p>OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers predicting risk of type 1 diabetes (stage 3) among children with islet autoantibodies are greatly needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and facilitate prevention therapies.</p><p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children in the prospective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study (n = 707) with confirmed diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GAD antibody, IA-2A, and/or insulin autoantibody) and two or more HbA1c measurements were followed to diabetes or median age 11.1 years. Once confirmed autoantibody positive, HbA1c was measured quarterly. Cox models and receiver operative characteristic curve analyses revealed the prognostic utility for risk of stage 3 on a relative HbA1c increase from the baseline visit or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG). This HbA1c approach was then validated in the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (TrialNet) (n = 1,190).</p><p>RESULTS: A 10% relative HbA1c increase from baseline best marked the increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (74% sensitive; 88% specific). Significant predictors of risk for HbA1c change were age and HbA1c at the baseline test, genetic sex, maximum number of autoantibodies, and maximum rate of HbA1c increase by time of change. The multivariable model featuring a HbA1c ≥10% increase and these additional factors revealed increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (hazard ratio [HR] 12.74, 95% CI 8.7-18.6, P &lt; 0.0001) and TrialNet (HR 5.09, 95% CI 3.3-7.9, P &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, the composite model using HbA1c ≥10% increase performed similarly to an OGTT 2-hPG composite model (TEDDY area under the curve [AUC] 0.88 and 0.85, respectively) and to the HbA1c model in TrialNet (AUC 0.82).</p><p>CONCLUSIONS: An increase of ≥10% in HbA1c from baseline is as informative as OGTT 2-hPG in predicting risk of stage 3 in youth with genetic risk and diabetes-associated autoantibodies.</p>}},
  author       = {{Vehik, Kendra and Boulware, David and Killian, Michael and Rewers, Marian and McIndoe, Richard and Toppari, Jorma and Lernmark, Åke and Akolkar, Beena and Ziegler, Anette-G and Rodriguez, Henry and Schatz, Desmond A and Krischer, Jeffrey P and Hagopian, William}},
  issn         = {{1935-5548}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{2342--2349}},
  publisher    = {{American Diabetes Association}},
  series       = {{Diabetes Care}},
  title        = {{Rising Hemoglobin A1c in the Nondiabetic Range Predicts Progression of Type 1 Diabetes As Well As Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0828}},
  doi          = {{10.2337/dc22-0828}},
  volume       = {{45}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}