More than just enduring − Mental health and well-being among Swedish young adults who ceased self-injuring since adolescence
(2023)- Abstract
- Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an umbrella term for non-lethal behaviours that are unlikely to be intended as suicidal, such as cutting, hitting, or burning oneself. The aims of this dissertation were to investigate i) the mental health and well-being of Swedish young adults who have ceased engaging in NSSI since adolescence, and ii) the psychosocial conditions that facilitate NSSI cessation and psychological growth during this period. This thesis utilizes data from a longitudinal Swedish project called Självkänsla Och Livssituation. The project encompassed all grade 7 and grade 8 regular school students in a Swedish municipality. Participants answered questionnaires in 2007 (T1: N = 992, mean age = 13.73) and 2008 (T2: N = 987, mean... (More)
- Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an umbrella term for non-lethal behaviours that are unlikely to be intended as suicidal, such as cutting, hitting, or burning oneself. The aims of this dissertation were to investigate i) the mental health and well-being of Swedish young adults who have ceased engaging in NSSI since adolescence, and ii) the psychosocial conditions that facilitate NSSI cessation and psychological growth during this period. This thesis utilizes data from a longitudinal Swedish project called Självkänsla Och Livssituation. The project encompassed all grade 7 and grade 8 regular school students in a Swedish municipality. Participants answered questionnaires in 2007 (T1: N = 992, mean age = 13.73) and 2008 (T2: N = 987, mean age = 14.78) and were asked to do so again 10 years later, in 2017 (T3: N = 557, mean age = 25.33). Eleven participants who reported to have ceased self-injuring since adolescence were also interviewed in 2018 about their experiences using a semi-structured protocol.
In relation to the first aim, Paper I indicated that reporting to have engaged in NSSI at T1 or T2 was associated with mental health problems (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and difficulties regulating emotion at T3. This relationship was especially prominent if repetitive NSSI (≥5 instances) was reported at both T1 and T2. Paper II showed that more young adults reported ceasing repetitive NSSI rather than continuing it; however, no significant differences in reported mental health problems, well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and flourishing), resilience, or emotion regulation were found between participants who ceased (defined as ≥5 instances at T1 and T2, but not at T3) and those who continued to self-injure repetitively (defined as ≥5 instances at T1, T2, and T3). However, Paper IV and some extended analyses that utilized an alternative definition of these engagement patterns indicated that young adults who had fully ceased NSSI since adolescence (i.e., ≥5 instances at T1 or T2, 0 at T3) reported higher resilience and flourishing than did those who continued to injure repetitively (i.e., ≥5 instances at T1 or T2 and T3).
In relation to the second aim, in neither Paper II nor the Extended analyses could the continuation or cessation of repetitive NSSI be reliably predicted from adolescent psychosocial functioning. The interviews analysed narratively for Paper III suggested that most young adults described that their lives had improved since adolescence. This positive change was initiated at a pivotal event that enabled the participants to sense agency in their lives. Sensing agency made it easier to cope with adversity by means other than NSSI, and subsequent positive life changes expanded this sense of agency and facilitated and sustained a sense of growth. Paper IV found that reporting repetitive NSSI at T1/T2 was associated with retrospective recall of more negative life events during both adolescence and later in life. However, positive life events and especially having reached an important life goal 1 to
In conclusion, distress related to past and recent mental health problems and experiences of adversity can persist among young adults who have ceased NSSI since adolescence. At the same time, their resilience and well-being improved relative to those who continued NSSI, a change that could be enabled through sensing agency and experiencing positive life events. For young adults with lived experience of NSSI, such experiences may help them see life as more than just something that needs to be endured. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Inom forskningen refererar självskadebeteende till beteenden med låg dödlighet och där suicidintention är osannolikt, så som att skära, slå, och bränna sig själv. Denna avhandling ämnade undersöka; i) mental hälsa och välmående bland svenska unga vuxna som har slutat skada sig sedan tonåren, och ii) de psykosociala faktorerna som bidrar till att en slutar skada sig och mår bättre under denna period. Avhandlingen använder data från ett longitudinellt svenskt projekt som heter Självkänsla Och Livssituation. Från början innefattade urvalet alla elever i årskurs 7 och årskurs 8 som gick i någon av grundskolorna inom en svensk kommun. Dessa elever besvarade enkäter under 2007 (T1: N = 992, medelålder = 13.73) och 2008 (T2: N = 987, medelålder =... (More)
- Inom forskningen refererar självskadebeteende till beteenden med låg dödlighet och där suicidintention är osannolikt, så som att skära, slå, och bränna sig själv. Denna avhandling ämnade undersöka; i) mental hälsa och välmående bland svenska unga vuxna som har slutat skada sig sedan tonåren, och ii) de psykosociala faktorerna som bidrar till att en slutar skada sig och mår bättre under denna period. Avhandlingen använder data från ett longitudinellt svenskt projekt som heter Självkänsla Och Livssituation. Från början innefattade urvalet alla elever i årskurs 7 och årskurs 8 som gick i någon av grundskolorna inom en svensk kommun. Dessa elever besvarade enkäter under 2007 (T1: N = 992, medelålder = 13.73) och 2008 (T2: N = 987, medelålder = 14.78). Under 2017 blev dessa elever kontaktade för en 10-års uppföljning (T3: N = 557, medelålder = 25.33), och elva deltagare som slutat skada sig själva blev under 2018 intervjuade om sina erfarenheter utefter en semistrukturerad intervjuguide.
I relation till det första syftet, så fann Artikel I att rapporterat självskadebeteende under T1/T2 var associerat med mental ohälsa (d.v.s., depression, ångest och stress) och svårigheter med att reglera känslor vid T3. Denna effekt var särskilt tydlig om deltagaren rapporterade repetitivt självskadebeteende (skadat sig ≥5 gånger) vid både T1 och T2. Artikel II fann att fler unga vuxna slutade snarare än fortsatte att skada sig repetitivt, men det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader kopplat till mental ohälsa, välmående (d.v.s., livstillfredsställelse och flourishing, ungefär att kunna leva ut), resiliens eller emotionsreglering mellan personer som fortsatte (d.v.s., skadat sig ≥5 gånger vid T1, T2, och T3) eller slutade skada sig själva (d.v.s., skadat sig ≥5 gånger vid T1 och T2, men inte vid T3). Artikel IV och några utökade analyser med en bredare definition av att fortsätta/sluta skada sig visade dock att resiliens och välmående hos unga vuxna som helt slutat skada sig (d.v.s., skadat sig ≥5 gånger vid T1 eller T2, 0 gånger vid T3) hade förbättrats i relation till de som fortsatte (d.v.s., skadat sig skadat sig ≥5 gånger vid T3, samt T1 eller T2).
I relation till det andra syftet, så var det i Artikel II och de utökade analyserna inte möjligt att på ett tillförlitligt sätt predicera vilka unga vuxna som skulle fortsätta eller sluta skada sig utifrån psykosociala faktorer som mättes i tonåren. Narrativ analys av intervjuerna i Studie III antydde dock att de unga vuxna som slutat skada sig beskrev hur deras liv förbättrats avsevärt sedan tonåren. Början till denna positiva utveckling associerades med en specifik händelse, vilken gjorde det möjligt för deltagarna att konstruera sig själva som agenter. Att känna agentskap gjorde det lättare att hantera jobbiga situationer på andra sätt än att skada sig. Efterföljande positiva förändringar av livssituationen förstärkte känslan av agentskap, och möjliggjorde fortsatt positiv psykologisk utveckling. Artikel IV kunde sedan visa att unga vuxna som någon gång skadat sig ≥5 gånger vid T1/T2 återkallade fler negativa livshändelser i tonåren och även senare i livet. Positiva livshändelser som ska ha skett för 1 till
Sammanfattningsvis så visar resultaten att repetitivt självskadebeteende i tonåren är en riskfaktor för mental ohälsa i ung vuxenålder, men välmåendet bland de unga vuxna som slutat skada sig har förbättras i relation till de som fortsätter. Svårigheter relaterade till mental ohälsa och negativa livshändelser kan dock kvarstå, men resiliens, agentskap och positiva livsförändringar gör det ändå möjligt att sluta skada sig och samtidigt må bättre. Med dessa förutsättningar kan livet för unga vuxna bli mer än något som måste uthärdas. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/54dd8333-1472-41d7-a840-31860e26b63c
- author
- Claréus, Benjamin LU
- supervisor
- opponent
-
- Professor Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth E., University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
- organization
- publishing date
- 2023
- type
- Thesis
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- self-injury, self-harm, cessation, recovery, adolescence, well-being, mental health
- pages
- 147 pages
- publisher
- Media-Tryck, Lund University, Sweden
- defense location
- LUX Aula, Helgonavägen 3, 223 62 Lund
- defense date
- 2023-09-21 13:00:00
- ISBN
- 978-91-8039-757-5
- 978-91-8039-758-2
- project
- Självskadebeteende, emotionsreglering och interpersonella relationer hos unga vuxna
- More than just enduring: Mental health and well-being among Swedish young adults who ceased self-injuring since adolescence
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- 54dd8333-1472-41d7-a840-31860e26b63c
- date added to LUP
- 2023-07-26 17:01:01
- date last changed
- 2023-12-12 10:35:11
@phdthesis{54dd8333-1472-41d7-a840-31860e26b63c, abstract = {{Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an umbrella term for non-lethal behaviours that are unlikely to be intended as suicidal, such as cutting, hitting, or burning oneself. The aims of this dissertation were to investigate i) the mental health and well-being of Swedish young adults who have ceased engaging in NSSI since adolescence, and ii) the psychosocial conditions that facilitate NSSI cessation and psychological growth during this period. This thesis utilizes data from a longitudinal Swedish project called Självkänsla Och Livssituation. The project encompassed all grade 7 and grade 8 regular school students in a Swedish municipality. Participants answered questionnaires in 2007 (T1: N = 992, mean age = 13.73) and 2008 (T2: N = 987, mean age = 14.78) and were asked to do so again 10 years later, in 2017 (T3: N = 557, mean age = 25.33). Eleven participants who reported to have ceased self-injuring since adolescence were also interviewed in 2018 about their experiences using a semi-structured protocol. <br/><br/>In relation to the first aim, Paper I indicated that reporting to have engaged in NSSI at T1 or T2 was associated with mental health problems (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and difficulties regulating emotion at T3. This relationship was especially prominent if repetitive NSSI (≥5 instances) was reported at both T1 and T2. Paper II showed that more young adults reported ceasing repetitive NSSI rather than continuing it; however, no significant differences in reported mental health problems, well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and flourishing), resilience, or emotion regulation were found between participants who ceased (defined as ≥5 instances at T1 and T2, but not at T3) and those who continued to self-injure repetitively (defined as ≥5 instances at T1, T2, and T3). However, Paper IV and some extended analyses that utilized an alternative definition of these engagement patterns indicated that young adults who had fully ceased NSSI since adolescence (i.e., ≥5 instances at T1 or T2, 0 at T3) reported higher resilience and flourishing than did those who continued to injure repetitively (i.e., ≥5 instances at T1 or T2 and T3). <br/><br/>In relation to the second aim, in neither Paper II nor the Extended analyses could the continuation or cessation of repetitive NSSI be reliably predicted from adolescent psychosocial functioning. The interviews analysed narratively for Paper III suggested that most young adults described that their lives had improved since adolescence. This positive change was initiated at a pivotal event that enabled the participants to sense agency in their lives. Sensing agency made it easier to cope with adversity by means other than NSSI, and subsequent positive life changes expanded this sense of agency and facilitated and sustained a sense of growth. Paper IV found that reporting repetitive NSSI at T1/T2 was associated with retrospective recall of more negative life events during both adolescence and later in life. However, positive life events and especially having reached an important life goal 1 to <br/>In conclusion, distress related to past and recent mental health problems and experiences of adversity can persist among young adults who have ceased NSSI since adolescence. At the same time, their resilience and well-being improved relative to those who continued NSSI, a change that could be enabled through sensing agency and experiencing positive life events. For young adults with lived experience of NSSI, such experiences may help them see life as more than just something that needs to be endured.}}, author = {{Claréus, Benjamin}}, isbn = {{978-91-8039-757-5}}, keywords = {{self-injury; self-harm; cessation; recovery; adolescence; well-being; mental health}}, language = {{eng}}, publisher = {{Media-Tryck, Lund University, Sweden}}, school = {{Lund University}}, title = {{More than just enduring − Mental health and well-being among Swedish young adults who ceased self-injuring since adolescence}}, url = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/155147747/Avhandling_WEBB.pdf}}, year = {{2023}}, }