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The Effect of Asset Encumbrance on Bank Behavior: Evidence from the Introduction of Covered Bonds in Norway

Cao, Jin ; Juelsrud, Ragnar and Sondershaus, Talina LU (2025) In Journal of the European Economic Association 23(4). p.1521-1562
Abstract
We use the introduction of covered bonds in Norway in 2007 together with administrative and supervisory data at the bank and loan level to investigate the effect of asset encumbrance, that is, pledging assets as collateral, on the composition of bank balance sheets and bank risk. We show that covered bonds—despite being collateralized with mortgages—lead to a shift in bank lending from mortgages to corporate loans. The marginal corporate borrower is young and low-rated, suggesting that overall credit risk increases. At the same time, we find that balance sheet liquidity increases. Overall, the beneficial effects of increased liquidity on bank risk outweighs any negative effects of increased credit risk, ultimately reducing risk premia on... (More)
We use the introduction of covered bonds in Norway in 2007 together with administrative and supervisory data at the bank and loan level to investigate the effect of asset encumbrance, that is, pledging assets as collateral, on the composition of bank balance sheets and bank risk. We show that covered bonds—despite being collateralized with mortgages—lead to a shift in bank lending from mortgages to corporate loans. The marginal corporate borrower is young and low-rated, suggesting that overall credit risk increases. At the same time, we find that balance sheet liquidity increases. Overall, the beneficial effects of increased liquidity on bank risk outweighs any negative effects of increased credit risk, ultimately reducing risk premia on total and unsecured funding. The effects are driven by banks with initially low net holdings of liquid assets and low firm credit risk in their lending portfolios. (Less)
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author
; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Journal of the European Economic Association
volume
23
issue
4
pages
41 pages
publisher
Wiley-Blackwell
external identifiers
  • scopus:105013349745
ISSN
1542-4774
DOI
10.1093/jeea/jvae063
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
55d6f33b-f48b-45dd-9170-1394dee67c2f
date added to LUP
2025-09-12 13:51:47
date last changed
2025-10-14 10:23:38
@article{55d6f33b-f48b-45dd-9170-1394dee67c2f,
  abstract     = {{We use the introduction of covered bonds in Norway in 2007 together with administrative and supervisory data at the bank and loan level to investigate the effect of asset encumbrance, that is, pledging assets as collateral, on the composition of bank balance sheets and bank risk. We show that covered bonds—despite being collateralized with mortgages—lead to a shift in bank lending from mortgages to corporate loans. The marginal corporate borrower is young and low-rated, suggesting that overall credit risk increases. At the same time, we find that balance sheet liquidity increases. Overall, the beneficial effects of increased liquidity on bank risk outweighs any negative effects of increased credit risk, ultimately reducing risk premia on total and unsecured funding. The effects are driven by banks with initially low net holdings of liquid assets and low firm credit risk in their lending portfolios.}},
  author       = {{Cao, Jin and Juelsrud, Ragnar and Sondershaus, Talina}},
  issn         = {{1542-4774}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{01}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{1521--1562}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  series       = {{Journal of the European Economic Association}},
  title        = {{The Effect of Asset Encumbrance on Bank Behavior: Evidence from the Introduction of Covered Bonds in Norway}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvae063}},
  doi          = {{10.1093/jeea/jvae063}},
  volume       = {{23}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}