A review of HVAC solution-sets and energy performace of nearly zero-energy multi-story apartment buildings in Nordic climates by statistical analysis of environmental performance certificates and literature review
(2022) In Energy 238.- Abstract
Multi-story apartment buildings, also known as multi-family or multi-unit residential buildings, represent the largest share of newly constructed, residential floor area in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Since the start of 2021, these buildings are required to be nearly-zero-energy under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. However, there has been limited research into defining solution-sets to achieve these requirements. This study utilises the detailed databases of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of the three countries to analyse solutions used in low-energy buildings built in the last 20 years. This was supplemented by exemplar projects and literature presenting novel solutions. Resulting low-energy solution-sets... (More)
Multi-story apartment buildings, also known as multi-family or multi-unit residential buildings, represent the largest share of newly constructed, residential floor area in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Since the start of 2021, these buildings are required to be nearly-zero-energy under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. However, there has been limited research into defining solution-sets to achieve these requirements. This study utilises the detailed databases of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of the three countries to analyse solutions used in low-energy buildings built in the last 20 years. This was supplemented by exemplar projects and literature presenting novel solutions. Resulting low-energy solution-sets involved district heating or heat pumps (primarily ground source) to provide hydronic heating and domestic hot water. A secondary source (often direct electric) was commonly used to cover peak load. The dominant ventilation strategy was balanced ventilation with high efficiency heat recovery. An alternative, found in a minority of Swedish projects, was an exhaust air system integrating a heat pump. A single optimum solution-set could not be defined due to differences between regulations and climates. The different primary energy factors used in each country had a significant effect on the preferred solution. Further study is required to determine if these factors affect a country's entire building stock or just the EPC grade a building achieves, skewing the statistical results.
(Less)
- author
- Gibbons, Laurence and Javed, Saqib LU
- organization
- publishing date
- 2022-01-01
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- District heating, Domestic hot water, Finland, Heat pump, Hydronic distribution, Norway, Sweden, Ventilation
- in
- Energy
- volume
- 238
- article number
- 121709
- publisher
- Elsevier
- external identifiers
-
- scopus:85112454052
- ISSN
- 0360-5442
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121709
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- 7582a62d-79b4-477f-889d-12082158d049
- date added to LUP
- 2021-09-03 11:32:05
- date last changed
- 2022-04-27 03:36:57
@article{7582a62d-79b4-477f-889d-12082158d049,
abstract = {{<p>Multi-story apartment buildings, also known as multi-family or multi-unit residential buildings, represent the largest share of newly constructed, residential floor area in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Since the start of 2021, these buildings are required to be nearly-zero-energy under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. However, there has been limited research into defining solution-sets to achieve these requirements. This study utilises the detailed databases of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of the three countries to analyse solutions used in low-energy buildings built in the last 20 years. This was supplemented by exemplar projects and literature presenting novel solutions. Resulting low-energy solution-sets involved district heating or heat pumps (primarily ground source) to provide hydronic heating and domestic hot water. A secondary source (often direct electric) was commonly used to cover peak load. The dominant ventilation strategy was balanced ventilation with high efficiency heat recovery. An alternative, found in a minority of Swedish projects, was an exhaust air system integrating a heat pump. A single optimum solution-set could not be defined due to differences between regulations and climates. The different primary energy factors used in each country had a significant effect on the preferred solution. Further study is required to determine if these factors affect a country's entire building stock or just the EPC grade a building achieves, skewing the statistical results.</p>}},
author = {{Gibbons, Laurence and Javed, Saqib}},
issn = {{0360-5442}},
keywords = {{District heating; Domestic hot water; Finland; Heat pump; Hydronic distribution; Norway; Sweden; Ventilation}},
language = {{eng}},
month = {{01}},
publisher = {{Elsevier}},
series = {{Energy}},
title = {{A review of HVAC solution-sets and energy performace of nearly zero-energy multi-story apartment buildings in Nordic climates by statistical analysis of environmental performance certificates and literature review}},
url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121709}},
doi = {{10.1016/j.energy.2021.121709}},
volume = {{238}},
year = {{2022}},
}