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From Exclusion to Extremism : The Role of Significance Loss and Identity in the Radicalization Process

Knapton, Holly LU (2023)
Abstract
The present thesis aims to examine the causal role of social exclusion within the
radicalization process and further to explore moderating and mediating factors. In recent years there has been a move away from trying to understand who is at risk of becoming an extremist, to exploring what makes someone at risk. Feelings of exclusion, discrimination and marginalization have all been linked to participation in extremist activities. Yet to date there continues to be very little empirical data exploring the pathway of exclusion to extremism. This thesis plans to establish a causal link between exclusion and radicalization and explore the moderating and mediating factors that can impact this mechanism.
Paper I found that social... (More)
The present thesis aims to examine the causal role of social exclusion within the
radicalization process and further to explore moderating and mediating factors. In recent years there has been a move away from trying to understand who is at risk of becoming an extremist, to exploring what makes someone at risk. Feelings of exclusion, discrimination and marginalization have all been linked to participation in extremist activities. Yet to date there continues to be very little empirical data exploring the pathway of exclusion to extremism. This thesis plans to establish a causal link between exclusion and radicalization and explore the moderating and mediating factors that can impact this mechanism.
Paper I found that social exclusion triggers a desire for recognition and this
functions as a pathway to radicalization. Four experiments were conducted and
found that exclusion was a driver of radical ideology in individuals sensitive to
rejection. Further, the findings of these studies revealed that this effect was
consistent across different social and political issues.
Paper II revealed that the pathway of social exclusion on radical activism arises
via shifts in ingroup identity. Specifically, the source of exclusion impacted ingroup identity shifts and in turn activism intentions. An online experiment revealed that exclusion by an outgroup (not ingroup) led to increased participation and this effect was fully mediated by ingroup identity. This finding was replicated using an online survey that operationalized exclusion via a measure of perceived discrimination. This demonstrated perceived discrimination by an outgroup, led to increased ingroup identity and in turn increased engagement. As such this study highlighted the impact of group-based exclusion and how this impacts identity levels and activism engagement.
Paper III investigated the link between identity and exclusion one step further by
adding need-threat to the mediation pathway. A quasi-experimental study revealed that exclusion led to threatened fundamental needs. This in turn drove individuals to identify with a radical group and be more willing to endorse and participate in extremist actions.
The findings of the thesis highlight the vulnerability of individuals experiencing
social exclusion and discrimination in relation to radicalization risk. The
explanatory pathways described in the thesis help explain this mechanism and thus provide empirical data that can help shape informed counter-extremism strategies. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Under de senaste åren har det skett en förskjutning i forskningen från att försöka förstå vem som löper risk att bli radikaliserad, till att undersöka vad som gör att vissa individer har större benägenhet att bli radikaliserad. Känslor av exkludering, diskriminering och marginalisering har tidigare kopplats till extremistiska handlingar. Trots det finns det få empiriska studier som utforskar sambandet mellan exkludering och extremism. Den aktuella avhandling syftar till att fastställa ett kausalt samband mellan exkludering och radikalisering och utforska modererande och medierande faktorer som kan påverka detta samband.


I studie I var syftet att utforska om social exkludering leder till ett behov av att känna sig viktig och... (More)
Under de senaste åren har det skett en förskjutning i forskningen från att försöka förstå vem som löper risk att bli radikaliserad, till att undersöka vad som gör att vissa individer har större benägenhet att bli radikaliserad. Känslor av exkludering, diskriminering och marginalisering har tidigare kopplats till extremistiska handlingar. Trots det finns det få empiriska studier som utforskar sambandet mellan exkludering och extremism. Den aktuella avhandling syftar till att fastställa ett kausalt samband mellan exkludering och radikalisering och utforska modererande och medierande faktorer som kan påverka detta samband.


I studie I var syftet att utforska om social exkludering leder till ett behov av att känna sig viktig och värdefull, vilket är en väg till radikalisering . Fyra experiment visade att exkludering ledde till radikalisering speciellt hos personer som var känsliga för social avvisning. Vidare visade resultaten från dessa experiment att effekten var konsekvent över olika sociala och politiska frågor och därmed att den kausala mekanismen tycks vara universell.

I studie II undersöktes om exkludering kan leda till radikalisering genom en väg av förändringar i individers gruppidentitet. Vidare undersöktes vem som exkluderade (ingrupp vs utgrupp) som en modererande faktor. Ett experiment visade att exkludering från en utgrupp ledde till ökande intentioner att delta i radikal aktivism och att denna effekt helt förklarades av förändring i identifikation med ingruppen. Effekten replikerades i en survey, där upplevd diskriminering från en utgrupp ledde till ökad identifiering med ingruppen vilket i sin tur ökade benägenheten att vilja delta i radikala aktiviteter. Denna studie belyser således hur exkludering av olika grupper (individens in- eller utgrupp) påverkar identifikation med ingruppen och aktivism.

I artikel III undersöktes sambandet mellan identitet och exkludering ett steg vidare genom att lägga till huruvida individer upplever grundläggande behov som hotade av exkluderingen. En kvasi-experimentell studie visade att exkludering ledde till att grundläggande behov upplevdes som hotade. Detta i sin tur drev individer att identifiera sig mer med en radikal grupp och vara mer benägna att stödja och delta i extremistiska handlingar.
Resultaten från avhandlingen belyser den ökade risk för radikalisering som finns hos individer som upplever olika former av social exkludering eller diskriminering. De förklarande faktorerna som beskrivs i avhandlingen bidrar till att förstå denna mekanism och ger således empiriskt stöd som kan hjälpa till att forma välgrundade strategier mot extremism.
(Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Pfundmair, Michaela, Hochschule des Bundes für öffentliche Verwaltung
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Social Exclusion, Radicalization, identity, Loss of significance, Extremism
pages
101 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Eden Auditorium, Paradisgatan 5, Lund
defense date
2023-05-26 10:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8039-637-0
978-91-8039-638-7
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
a28a8843-71b8-46a6-8cd0-3820949f6849
date added to LUP
2023-04-28 20:17:32
date last changed
2023-05-03 14:04:00
@phdthesis{a28a8843-71b8-46a6-8cd0-3820949f6849,
  abstract     = {{The present thesis aims to examine the causal role of social exclusion within the<br/>radicalization process and further to explore moderating and mediating factors. In recent years there has been a move away from trying to understand who is at risk of becoming an extremist, to exploring what makes someone at risk. Feelings of exclusion, discrimination and marginalization have all been linked to participation in extremist activities. Yet to date there continues to be very little empirical data exploring the pathway of exclusion to extremism. This thesis plans to establish a causal link between exclusion and radicalization and explore the moderating and mediating factors that can impact this mechanism.<br/>Paper I found that social exclusion triggers a desire for recognition and this<br/>functions as a pathway to radicalization. Four experiments were conducted and<br/>found that exclusion was a driver of radical ideology in individuals sensitive to<br/>rejection. Further, the findings of these studies revealed that this effect was<br/>consistent across different social and political issues.<br/>Paper II revealed that the pathway of social exclusion on radical activism arises<br/>via shifts in ingroup identity. Specifically, the source of exclusion impacted ingroup identity shifts and in turn activism intentions. An online experiment revealed that exclusion by an outgroup (not ingroup) led to increased participation and this effect was fully mediated by ingroup identity. This finding was replicated using an online survey that operationalized exclusion via a measure of perceived discrimination. This demonstrated perceived discrimination by an outgroup, led to increased ingroup identity and in turn increased engagement. As such this study highlighted the impact of group-based exclusion and how this impacts identity levels and activism engagement.<br/>Paper III investigated the link between identity and exclusion one step further by<br/>adding need-threat to the mediation pathway. A quasi-experimental study revealed that exclusion led to threatened fundamental needs. This in turn drove individuals to identify with a radical group and be more willing to endorse and participate in extremist actions.<br/>The findings of the thesis highlight the vulnerability of individuals experiencing<br/>social exclusion and discrimination in relation to radicalization risk. The<br/>explanatory pathways described in the thesis help explain this mechanism and thus provide empirical data that can help shape informed counter-extremism strategies.}},
  author       = {{Knapton, Holly}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8039-637-0}},
  keywords     = {{Social Exclusion; Radicalization; identity; Loss of significance; Extremism}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{From Exclusion to Extremism : The Role of Significance Loss and Identity in the Radicalization Process}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/145413654/Thesis_HollyKnapton.pdf}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}