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Interventions for Young Women’s STEM Interest : Targeting the Predictors Self-efficacy, Belongingness, and Career Goals

Giese, Laura LU orcid (2025)
Abstract
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics, often grouped under the acronym STEM, are traditionally male dominated fields. Especially in engineering and technology, women continue to be heavily underrepresented. The lack of women in STEM poses challenges for meeting the labor market demands, for product quality due to a lack of diverse perspectives in the design process, and for gender equality. Many sectors are making efforts to increase the proportion of women, but progress is slow. One reason why women are less likely to choose STEM careers is that they have lower interest in STEM compared to men. Besides dismantling gender stereotypes that create barriers for women’s interest, research needs to create interventions that can... (More)
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics, often grouped under the acronym STEM, are traditionally male dominated fields. Especially in engineering and technology, women continue to be heavily underrepresented. The lack of women in STEM poses challenges for meeting the labor market demands, for product quality due to a lack of diverse perspectives in the design process, and for gender equality. Many sectors are making efforts to increase the proportion of women, but progress is slow. One reason why women are less likely to choose STEM careers is that they have lower interest in STEM compared to men. Besides dismantling gender stereotypes that create barriers for women’s interest, research needs to create interventions that can increase women’s STEM interest as well as address predictors of such interest. Three predictors of STEM interest that have received strong empirical support from previous research are self-efficacy, belongingness, and communal career goal endorsement. This thesis aims to find further support for the relationship between these predictors and STEM interest. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate an existing intervention as well as develop and test two novel interventions targeting these predictors in order to increase young women’s interest in STEM.

Study I aimed to investigate the effect of a two-day intervention for high school students by a Swedish water supply company. It investigated effects on the participating women’s interest in studying engineering, as well as on their self-efficacy, belongingness, and perceived communal career goal affordance in relation to an engineering program. Study II designed and tested two novel short interventions for high school students: a role model video of five female engineering students talking about their positive experiences with their studies, and an engineering ability quiz followed by encouraging feedback on one’s performance. The study tested if the interventions increased high school women’s belongingness and self-efficacy, and thereby their interest in studying engineering. Study III suggested an additional factor to the established agentic and communal career goals, namely environmental goals. The study tested whether environmental career goals constitute a separate factor, how important they are to primary school students, and whether they predict interest in STEM careers.

Study I and II found the expected gender differences in interest in studying engineering, which were mediated by gender differences in belongingness and self-efficacy (Study I and II) and by perceived communal career goal affordance (Study I). Study I found that the intervention increased young women’s engineering self-efficacy, with the effect persisting three months later. The intervention also temporarily increased women’s belongingness and perceived communal goal affordance in engineering but did not significantly increase their engineering interest. Study IIa found that women who saw the role model video had higher belongingness for engineering than women who did not see the video. Study IIb found that the engineering ability quiz and receiving positive feedback on their performance increased women’s self-efficacy for and interest in studying engineering, but the study did not replicate the effect of the role model video. Study III found that environmental career goals constituted a separate factor, and that women had higher environmental goals than men. Having higher environmental goals predicted interest in STEM careers. However, regarding the perception of what kind of goals STEM careers allow to fulfil, perceived fulfilment of communal and agentic goals predicted interest in STEM careers, while the perceived fulfilment of environmental goals did not.

Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting self-efficacy, belongingness, and career goals through interventions is a promising way to attract young women to STEM, but more research is needed on how to make effects last longer and how to more reliably affect interest through affecting its predictors. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Naturvetenskap, teknik, ingenjörsvetenskap och matematik, på engelska ofta grupperade under akronymen STEM, är traditionellt mansdominerade områden. Särskilt inom ingenjörsvetenskap och teknologi är kvinnor fortfarande kraftigt underrepresenterade. Bristen på kvinnor inom STEM innebär utmaningar i att möta arbetsmarknadens behov, för produktkvalitet på grund av brist på olika perspektiv i designprocessen och för jämställdhet. Många sektorer gör ansträngningar för att öka andelen kvinnor, men framstegen sker långsamt. En anledning till att kvinnor är mindre benägna att välja STEM-karriärer är att de har lägre intresse för STEM än män. Förutom att reducera könsstereotyper som skapar hinder för kvinnors intresse, behöver forskningen skapa... (More)
Naturvetenskap, teknik, ingenjörsvetenskap och matematik, på engelska ofta grupperade under akronymen STEM, är traditionellt mansdominerade områden. Särskilt inom ingenjörsvetenskap och teknologi är kvinnor fortfarande kraftigt underrepresenterade. Bristen på kvinnor inom STEM innebär utmaningar i att möta arbetsmarknadens behov, för produktkvalitet på grund av brist på olika perspektiv i designprocessen och för jämställdhet. Många sektorer gör ansträngningar för att öka andelen kvinnor, men framstegen sker långsamt. En anledning till att kvinnor är mindre benägna att välja STEM-karriärer är att de har lägre intresse för STEM än män. Förutom att reducera könsstereotyper som skapar hinder för kvinnors intresse, behöver forskningen skapa interventioner som kan öka kvinnors STEM-intresse samt påverka faktorer bakom sådant intresse. Tre faktorer bakom STEM-intresse som har fått starkt empiriskt stöd från tidigare forskning är kompetenstro, tillhörighet och samhällsrelaterade karriärmål. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka stödet för sambandet mellan dessa faktorer och STEM-intresse. Vidare syftar den till att utvärdera en befintlig intervention samt utveckla och testa två nya interventioner som fokuserar på dessa faktorer för att öka unga kvinnors intresse för STEM.
Studie I syftade till att undersöka effekten av en tvådagarsintervention för gymnasieelever av ett svenskt vattenförsörjningsföretag. Den undersökte effekterna på de deltagande kvinnornas intresse för att studera ingenjörsvetenskap, såväl som på deras kompetenstro, känsla av tillhörighet och upplevda uppfyllelse av samhällsrelaterade karriärmål i relation till ett ingenjörsprogram. Studie II designade och testade två nya korta interventioner för gymnasieelever: en förebildsvideo med fem kvinnliga ingenjörsstudenter som berättar om sina positiva erfarenheter av sina studier, och ett quiz om ingenjörsförmåga följt av uppmuntrande feedback på ens prestation. Studien testade om interventionerna ökade kvinnornas känsla av tillhörighet och kompetenstro, och därmed deras intresse för att studera ingenjörsvetenskap. Studie III föreslog en ytterligare faktor utöver de etablerade statusrelaterade och sammhällsrelaterade karriärmålen, nämligen miljörelaterade mål. Studien testade om miljökarriärmål utgör en separat faktor, hur viktiga de är för grundskoleelever och om de predicerar intresse för STEM-karriärer.
Studie I och II fann de förväntade könsskillnaderna i intresse för att studera ingenjörsvetenskap, vilka medierades av könsskillnader i tillhörighet och kompetenstro (Studie I och II) och av upplevd uppfyllelse av samhällsrelaterade karriärmål (Studie I). Studie I fann att interventionen ökade unga kvinnors kompetenstro för ingenjörsvetenskap, och effekten kvarstod tre månader senare. Interventionen ökade också tillfälligt kvinnors tillhörighet och upplevda uppfyllelse av samhällsrelaterade karriärmål inom ingenjörsvetenskap, men ökade inte signifikant deras intresse för ingenjörsvetenskap. Studie IIa fann att kvinnor som såg förebildsvideon hade högre känsla av tillhörighet för ingenjörsvetenskap än kvinnor som inte såg videon. Studie IIb fann att quizet om ingenjörsförmåga och att få positiv feedback på sin prestation ökade kvinnors kompetenstro och intresse för att studera ingenjörsvetenskap, men studien replikerade inte effekten av förebildsvideon. Studie III fann att miljörelaterade karriärmål utgjorde en separat faktor, och att kvinnor hade högre miljömål än män. Att ha högre miljömål predicerade intresse för STEM-karriärer. När det gäller uppfattningen om vilka typer av mål som STEM-karriärer kan uppfylla, predicerade upplevd uppfyllelse av samhälls- och statusrelaterade mål deltagarnas intresse för STEM-karriärer, medan den upplevda uppfyllelsen av miljörelaterade mål inte gjorde det.
Sammantaget tyder dessa resultat på att det är ett lovande sätt att locka unga kvinnor till STEM att fokusera på kompetenstro, tillhörighet och karriärmål genom interventioner. Mer forskning behövs dock om hur man kan få effekterna att vara längre och hur man mer tillförlitligt kan påverka STEM-intresse genom att påverka faktorerna bakom det. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Cotner, Sehoya, University of Bergen
organization
alternative title
Interventioner för Unga Kvinnors STEM-Intresse : Med Fokus på Faktorerna Kompetenstro, Känsla av Tillhörighet, och Karriärmål
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
STEM, Engineering, Gender, Interventions, Self-efficacy, Belongingness, Career goals, STEM, Ingenjörsvetenskap, Genus, Interventioner, Kompetenstro, Tillhörighet, Karriärmål
pages
76 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Gamla köket, Sh128, Allhelgona Kyrkogata 8, Lund
defense date
2025-09-26 13:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8104-582-6
978-91-8104-581-9
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
ae6e20d8-91b2-4709-a454-ddcf5705d9e5
date added to LUP
2025-08-25 13:06:08
date last changed
2025-09-02 13:32:17
@phdthesis{ae6e20d8-91b2-4709-a454-ddcf5705d9e5,
  abstract     = {{Science, technology, engineering and mathematics, often grouped under the acronym STEM, are traditionally male dominated fields. Especially in engineering and technology, women continue to be heavily underrepresented. The lack of women in STEM poses challenges for meeting the labor market demands, for product quality due to a lack of diverse perspectives in the design process, and for gender equality. Many sectors are making efforts to increase the proportion of women, but progress is slow. One reason why women are less likely to choose STEM careers is that they have lower interest in STEM compared to men. Besides dismantling gender stereotypes that create barriers for women’s interest, research needs to create interventions that can increase women’s STEM interest as well as address predictors of such interest. Three predictors of STEM interest that have received strong empirical support from previous research are self-efficacy, belongingness, and communal career goal endorsement. This thesis aims to find further support for the relationship between these predictors and STEM interest. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate an existing intervention as well as develop and test two novel interventions targeting these predictors in order to increase young women’s interest in STEM.<br/><br/>Study I aimed to investigate the effect of a two-day intervention for high school students by a Swedish water supply company. It investigated effects on the participating women’s interest in studying engineering, as well as on their self-efficacy, belongingness, and perceived communal career goal affordance in relation to an engineering program. Study II designed and tested two novel short interventions for high school students: a role model video of five female engineering students talking about their positive experiences with their studies, and an engineering ability quiz followed by encouraging feedback on one’s performance. The study tested if the interventions increased high school women’s belongingness and self-efficacy, and thereby their interest in studying engineering. Study III suggested an additional factor to the established agentic and communal career goals, namely environmental goals. The study tested whether environmental career goals constitute a separate factor, how important they are to primary school students, and whether they predict interest in STEM careers. <br/><br/>Study I and II found the expected gender differences in interest in studying engineering, which were mediated by gender differences in belongingness and self-efficacy (Study I and II) and by perceived communal career goal affordance (Study I). Study I found that the intervention increased young women’s engineering self-efficacy, with the effect persisting three months later. The intervention also temporarily increased women’s belongingness and perceived communal goal affordance in engineering but did not significantly increase their engineering interest. Study IIa found that women who saw the role model video had higher belongingness for engineering than women who did not see the video. Study IIb found that the engineering ability quiz and receiving positive feedback on their performance increased women’s self-efficacy for and interest in studying engineering, but the study did not replicate the effect of the role model video. Study III found that environmental career goals constituted a separate factor, and that women had higher environmental goals than men. Having higher environmental goals predicted interest in STEM careers. However, regarding the perception of what kind of goals STEM careers allow to fulfil, perceived fulfilment of communal and agentic goals predicted interest in STEM careers, while the perceived fulfilment of environmental goals did not. <br/><br/>Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting self-efficacy, belongingness, and career goals through interventions is a promising way to attract young women to STEM, but more research is needed on how to make effects last longer and how to more reliably affect interest through affecting its predictors.}},
  author       = {{Giese, Laura}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8104-582-6}},
  keywords     = {{STEM; Engineering; Gender; Interventions; Self-efficacy; Belongingness; Career goals; STEM; Ingenjörsvetenskap; Genus; Interventioner; Kompetenstro; Tillhörighet; Karriärmål}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Interventions for Young Women’s STEM Interest : Targeting the Predictors Self-efficacy, Belongingness, and Career Goals}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/226174164/Avhandling_Laura_Giese.pdf}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}