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Geographic and socioeconomic differences in potentially inappropriate medication among older adults – applying a simplified analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) for basic comparisons of healthcare quality

Öberg, Johan LU orcid ; Khalaf, Kani LU ; Perez-Vicente, Raquel ; Johnell, Kristina ; Fastbom, Johan and Merlo, Juan LU orcid (2025) In BMC Health Services Research 25(1).
Abstract

Background: Monitoring of healthcare quality is typically focused on differences between group averages in relation to a desirable benchmark. However, we need to consider (i) the existence of interconnected socioeconomic axes of inequality like age, sex, income, and country of birth and (ii) individual heterogeneity around group averages. Additionally, (iii) we need clear criteria to quantify group differences. By applying the framework analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) on an established quality indicator (potentially inappropriate medication (PIM)), we illustrate how to achieve these improvements and how to avoid both unnecessary group stigmatization and false expectations. Methods: We analyzed... (More)

Background: Monitoring of healthcare quality is typically focused on differences between group averages in relation to a desirable benchmark. However, we need to consider (i) the existence of interconnected socioeconomic axes of inequality like age, sex, income, and country of birth and (ii) individual heterogeneity around group averages. Additionally, (iii) we need clear criteria to quantify group differences. By applying the framework analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) on an established quality indicator (potentially inappropriate medication (PIM)), we illustrate how to achieve these improvements and how to avoid both unnecessary group stigmatization and false expectations. Methods: We analyzed 731,339 individuals, ≥ 75-year-old belonging to 36 socioeconomic strata defined by the intersection of age, sex, income, and country of birth, who were alive and residing in the 21 regions Swedish during 2011. We calculated PIM prevalences and evaluate the discriminatory accuracy (DA) of the socioeconomic and geographical group differences using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The benchmark value was defined as a prevalence of 19%. Results: In Sweden, the prevalence of PIM was 24% among ≥ 75-year-olds and regionally it ranged between 21% and 27%. Immigrant 80–84-year-old women with low income had the highest prevalence (29%). All strata including women had higher prevalence than those including men. However, the regional (AUC = 0.520) and socioeconomic (AUC = 0.544) differences were very small. For instance, in the five socioeconomic strata with the lowest prevalence there were about 8,000 more cases of PIM than in the five strata with the highest prevalence of PIM. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIM was higher than the desired benchmark value. There were disparities between group averages, but overall, the regional and socioeconomic differences were very small as informed by their low AUC values. Therefore, interventions to reduce PIM in Sweden should be universal rather than only targeted at the regions and socioeconomic strata with the highest PIM prevalence.

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author
; ; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Epidemiological methods, Health care quality assessment, Health services evaluation, MeSH, Pharmacoepidemiology, Social epidemiology
in
BMC Health Services Research
volume
25
issue
1
article number
1144
publisher
BioMed Central (BMC)
external identifiers
  • scopus:105014728074
  • pmid:40877856
ISSN
1472-6963
DOI
10.1186/s12913-025-13335-y
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
b3423f81-3afc-44aa-9e47-7c45c23ac7ca
date added to LUP
2025-10-02 16:18:47
date last changed
2025-10-16 18:13:13
@article{b3423f81-3afc-44aa-9e47-7c45c23ac7ca,
  abstract     = {{<p>Background: Monitoring of healthcare quality is typically focused on differences between group averages in relation to a desirable benchmark. However, we need to consider (i) the existence of interconnected socioeconomic axes of inequality like age, sex, income, and country of birth and (ii) individual heterogeneity around group averages. Additionally, (iii) we need clear criteria to quantify group differences. By applying the framework analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) on an established quality indicator (potentially inappropriate medication (PIM)), we illustrate how to achieve these improvements and how to avoid both unnecessary group stigmatization and false expectations. Methods: We analyzed 731,339 individuals, ≥ 75-year-old belonging to 36 socioeconomic strata defined by the intersection of age, sex, income, and country of birth, who were alive and residing in the 21 regions Swedish during 2011. We calculated PIM prevalences and evaluate the discriminatory accuracy (DA) of the socioeconomic and geographical group differences using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The benchmark value was defined as a prevalence of 19%. Results: In Sweden, the prevalence of PIM was 24% among ≥ 75-year-olds and regionally it ranged between 21% and 27%. Immigrant 80–84-year-old women with low income had the highest prevalence (29%). All strata including women had higher prevalence than those including men. However, the regional (AUC = 0.520) and socioeconomic (AUC = 0.544) differences were very small. For instance, in the five socioeconomic strata with the lowest prevalence there were about 8,000 more cases of PIM than in the five strata with the highest prevalence of PIM. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIM was higher than the desired benchmark value. There were disparities between group averages, but overall, the regional and socioeconomic differences were very small as informed by their low AUC values. Therefore, interventions to reduce PIM in Sweden should be universal rather than only targeted at the regions and socioeconomic strata with the highest PIM prevalence.</p>}},
  author       = {{Öberg, Johan and Khalaf, Kani and Perez-Vicente, Raquel and Johnell, Kristina and Fastbom, Johan and Merlo, Juan}},
  issn         = {{1472-6963}},
  keywords     = {{Epidemiological methods; Health care quality assessment; Health services evaluation; MeSH; Pharmacoepidemiology; Social epidemiology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{BioMed Central (BMC)}},
  series       = {{BMC Health Services Research}},
  title        = {{Geographic and socioeconomic differences in potentially inappropriate medication among older adults – applying a simplified analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) for basic comparisons of healthcare quality}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13335-y}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/s12913-025-13335-y}},
  volume       = {{25}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}