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Primary and Secondary Outcomes from a Double Randomized Clinical Preference Trial of two Panic-Focused Psychotherapies

Nilsson, Thomas LU (2022)
Abstract
Approximately 2-3% of adults in Sweden will experience unexpected panic attacks that cause them to develop fears of future attacks and to alter their lives, defined as Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia (PD/A). The condition often onsets in late adolescence or early adulthood, with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity, social difficulties, diminished study and work ability, an elevated risk for substance use, health problems, and mortality. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including Panic Control Treatment (PCT), is the most evaluated and recommended treatment, however far from all PD/A patients complete or respond to CBT. A promising psychological treatment for PD/A is the brief Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy... (More)
Approximately 2-3% of adults in Sweden will experience unexpected panic attacks that cause them to develop fears of future attacks and to alter their lives, defined as Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia (PD/A). The condition often onsets in late adolescence or early adulthood, with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity, social difficulties, diminished study and work ability, an elevated risk for substance use, health problems, and mortality. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including Panic Control Treatment (PCT), is the most evaluated and recommended treatment, however far from all PD/A patients complete or respond to CBT. A promising psychological treatment for PD/A is the brief Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PFPP). Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have found PFPP to achieve comparable outcomes to CBT for PD/A severity up to 12 months post-treatment. Further, well-designed RCTs comparing PFPP to CBT, involving longer follow-ups of psychiatric symptoms and broader indices of functioning are needed.

Project POSE (Psychotherapy outcome and Self-selection Effects) was a doubly randomized clinical preference trial (DRCPT) designed to test whether patient preferences for either PCT or PFPP, delivered in routine care, influenced outcomes for the two treatments. Adults (n=221) with primary PD/A were randomly allocated to: 1) to choose either PCT or PFPP; 2) to be randomly allocated to PCT or PFPP; or 3) to a treatment Waitlist. The primary outcome measures were the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), work status and sick leave, assessed together with secondary outcomes, at post-treatment, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. Treatment was delivered by 45 therapists trained in either PFPP or PCT. This thesis uses data from Project POSE to address three aims: 1) the relative efficacy of PCT and PFPP at post-treatment and during a two-year follow-up; 2) to explore apparent differences in the trajectory of weekly, self-reported panic symptoms in PCT and PFPP during the treatment phase; and 3) to investigate the effects of PCT and PFPP on Work ability and its relations with improvements in PD/A.

Study I was the trial protocol and presented the theoretical and empirical justifications for a DRCPT of two psychotherapies for PD/A. Study II presents the primary and secondary outcomes for Project POSE at post-treatment and all follow-ups. Study III presents the results of an exploratory investigation of a resurgence of self-reported panic symptoms in the termination phase of PFPP (Termination Setback – TS) and patient characteristics that might help to explain the TS. Study IV presents the findings for the self-report Work Ability Index (WAI) and its relation to symptom severity and occupational status at post-treatment and during follow-up.

Irrespective of assignment to the Choice or Random conditions, both treatments yielded clinically significant improvements for the primary and secondary outcomes, comparable to those found in previous trials of the two therapies. PCT was significantly superior to PFPP at post-treatment, possibly owing to a TS that occurred for patients in the PFPP treatment. Individuals with less avoidant attachment and less severe interpersonal problems were more likely to experience a TS during PFPP. However, PFPP was significantly superior to PCT during follow-up, so that the two treatments were equally effective at the 24-month follow-up for both the primary and secondary outcomes. Both treatments were well tolerated with no differences in drop-out rates. Further gains during the follow-up phase did not appear to be associated with further treatment seeking. High rates of employment were present at every assessment point, but significant improvement were observed for Work Ability at post-treatment and follow-up, apparently mediated by a reduction in self-reported panic symptoms during the treatment phase. Thus, it appears that a clinically meaningful reduction in panic symptoms is associated with significant improvements in the patient’s beliefs about their capacity in meeting current and future work demands.
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Abstract (Swedish)
I Sverige kommer ungefär 2-3 % av befolkningen någon gång att drabbas av paniksyndrom med eller utan agorafobi (PS/A), ett tillstånd som består av plötsliga, oväntade panikattacker som följs av ihållande rädsla för nya attacker och/eller betydande livsstilsförändringar. PS/A debuterar oftast i slutet av tonåren eller i tidig vuxenålder och ger om den förblir obehandlad ofta kroniska psykiska besvär, sociala svårigheter, nedsatt studie- och arbetsförmåga, generella hälsoproblem samt ökad risk för förtidig död. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT), däribland Panic Control Treatment (PCT), är den mest utvärderade och rekommenderade psykologiska behandlingen, men långt ifrån alla patienter vill gå i eller blir hjälpta av denna behandling. En lovande... (More)
I Sverige kommer ungefär 2-3 % av befolkningen någon gång att drabbas av paniksyndrom med eller utan agorafobi (PS/A), ett tillstånd som består av plötsliga, oväntade panikattacker som följs av ihållande rädsla för nya attacker och/eller betydande livsstilsförändringar. PS/A debuterar oftast i slutet av tonåren eller i tidig vuxenålder och ger om den förblir obehandlad ofta kroniska psykiska besvär, sociala svårigheter, nedsatt studie- och arbetsförmåga, generella hälsoproblem samt ökad risk för förtidig död. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT), däribland Panic Control Treatment (PCT), är den mest utvärderade och rekommenderade psykologiska behandlingen, men långt ifrån alla patienter vill gå i eller blir hjälpta av denna behandling. En lovande psykologisk korttidsbehandling för PD/A är Panic Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PFPP). Tre randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) på PFPP har visat på jämförbara resultat med KBT för paniksyndrom upp till 12 månader efter behandling. Väldesignade studier, genomförda i den reguljära vården av för terapierna oberoende forskare, där PFPP och KBT jämförs med långa uppföljningar av psykiatriska symtom och funktionsnivå behövs.

Projekt POSE (Psychotherapy outcome and Self-selection Effects) genomfördes med patienter och behandlare från primärvård, psykiatri och ungdomsmottagningar under åren 2010 till 2019. Studien hade en dubbelrandomiserad forskningsdesign (Doubly Randomized Clinical Preference Study, DRCPT) för att testa om patientpreferenser för antingen PCT eller PFPP påverkade behandlingarnas effektivitet. Vuxna (n=221) med PD/A som huvuddiagnos fördelades slumpmässigt till någon av följande: 1) att få välja antingen PCT eller PFPP (Självval); 2) att slumpmässigt fördelas till PCT eller PFPP (Randomisering); eller 3) till en 3-månaders väntelista inför behandling. De primära utfallsmåtten var Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), arbetsstatus och sjukfrånvaro. Utöver detta undersöktes ett antal sekundära utfallsmått. Deltagarna i studien bedömdes före behandling och följdes sedan upp vid avslutad behandling samt vid 6-, 12- och 24-månader. Behandlingarna utfördes av 45 terapeuter utbildade i antingen PFPP eller PCT. Denna avhandling använder data från Project POSE för att belysa tre syften: 1) den relativa effekten av PCT och PFPP vid avslut och under två års uppföljning; 2) att utforska de skillnader som veckovisa, självrapporterade paniksymptom i PCT och PFPP under behandlingsfasen visade på; samt 3) att undersöka effekterna av PCT och PFPP på arbetsförmåga vid avslut och under uppföljningsperioden samt arbetsförmågans eventuella samband med förbättringar i PD/A under behandling.

Studie I var projektets studieprotokoll som presenterade de teoretiska och empiriska motiven för en DRCPT på PD/A med långtidsuppföljningar av psykiatriskt mående och funktionsnivå. Studie II presenterar de primära och sekundära resultaten för Projekt POSE vid avslutad behandling samt under uppföljningarna. Studie III är en explorativ undersökning av en försämring i paniksymptom under avslutningsfasen av PFPP (Termination Setback – TS) och de behandlings- och patientegenskaper som kan hjälpa till att förklara denna TS. Studie IV presenterar resultaten för självrapporterad arbetsförmåga (Work Ability Index, WAI) och dess relation till symptomförändring under behandlingen samt arbetsstatus och sjukfrånvaro under uppföljningen.

Vid avslut och under uppföljning var det, mot förväntan, inga signifikanta skillnader för de som fick välja sin behandling jämfört med de som slumpmässigt fördelats till en av de två behandlingarna. För vidare analys och diskussion av preferensfrågan i projektet se Martin Svensson avhandling Preference Effects in the Treatment of Panic Disorder från 2021.
Både PCT och PFPP visade på kliniskt signifikanta förbättringar för primära och sekundära utfallsmått vid avslut, jämförbara med resultaten från tidigare studier av de två terapierna. För paniksymptom var PCT signifikant överlägsen PFPP vid behandlingarnas avslut, möjligen på grund av den TS som inträffade för patienter i PFPP. De deltagare som hade mindre av undvikande anknytning och mindre av allvarliga interpersonella problem var mer benägna att få en TS under PFPP. Under den två år långa uppföljningen efter behandling var PFPP signifikant bättre än PCT vad gäller förbättring i paniksymptom så att de båda behandlingar var lika effektiva vid 24-månadersuppföljningen. Båda behandlingarna tolererades väl och det fanns inga skillnader i avhopp under behandlingarna. Förbättring under uppföljningsfasen berodde inte på ytterligare behandling. Även om sysselsättningsnivån var hög, d.v.s. att de flesta hade arbete eller var i studier, vid samtliga bedömningar, förbättrades deltagarnas upplevda arbetsförmåga tydligt av behandlingarna. Denna förbättring medierades av självrapporterade paniksymptom under behandlingsfasen. Det verkar som att en kliniskt meningsfull minskning av paniksymptom är förknippad med betydande förbättringar i patientens upplevda förmåga att möta nuvarande och framtida arbetskrav.
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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
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  • Professor Carlbring, Per, Stockholm University
organization
alternative title
Primärt och sekundärt utfall från en dubbelt randomiserad klinisk preferensstudie på två panikfokuserade psykoterapier
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Paniksyndrom, Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT), Psykodynamisk terapi (PDT), Arbetsförmåga, Termination setback, Panic Disorder, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT), Work Ability, Termination Setback
pages
79 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Sh128, Socialhögskolans hörsal, Allhelgona kyrkogata 8, Lund
defense date
2022-10-07 13:00:00
language
English
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yes
id
b3ce2cf1-84a4-48d6-b239-2e8557b9efe3
date added to LUP
2022-09-06 15:59:28
date last changed
2022-09-19 10:11:50
@phdthesis{b3ce2cf1-84a4-48d6-b239-2e8557b9efe3,
  abstract     = {{Approximately 2-3% of adults in Sweden will experience unexpected panic attacks that cause them to develop fears of future attacks and to alter their lives, defined as Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia (PD/A). The condition often onsets in late adolescence or early adulthood, with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity, social difficulties, diminished study and work ability, an elevated risk for substance use, health problems, and mortality. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including Panic Control Treatment (PCT), is the most evaluated and recommended treatment, however far from all PD/A patients complete or respond to CBT. A promising psychological treatment for PD/A is the brief Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PFPP). Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have found PFPP to achieve comparable outcomes to CBT for PD/A severity up to 12 months post-treatment. Further, well-designed RCTs comparing PFPP to CBT, involving longer follow-ups of psychiatric symptoms and broader indices of functioning are needed.<br/><br/>Project POSE (Psychotherapy outcome and Self-selection Effects) was a doubly randomized clinical preference trial (DRCPT) designed to test whether patient preferences for either PCT or PFPP, delivered in routine care, influenced outcomes for the two treatments. Adults (n=221) with primary PD/A were randomly allocated to: 1) to choose either PCT or PFPP; 2) to be randomly allocated to PCT or PFPP; or 3) to a treatment Waitlist. The primary outcome measures were the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), work status and sick leave, assessed together with secondary outcomes, at post-treatment, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. Treatment was delivered by 45 therapists trained in either PFPP or PCT. This thesis uses data from Project POSE to address three aims: 1) the relative efficacy of PCT and PFPP at post-treatment and during a two-year follow-up; 2) to explore apparent differences in the trajectory of weekly, self-reported panic symptoms in PCT and PFPP during the treatment phase; and 3) to investigate the effects of PCT and PFPP on Work ability and its relations with improvements in PD/A. <br/><br/>Study I was the trial protocol and presented the theoretical and empirical justifications for a DRCPT of two psychotherapies for PD/A. Study II presents the primary and secondary outcomes for Project POSE at post-treatment and all follow-ups. Study III presents the results of an exploratory investigation of a resurgence of self-reported panic symptoms in the termination phase of PFPP (Termination Setback – TS) and patient characteristics that might help to explain the TS. Study IV presents the findings for the self-report Work Ability Index (WAI) and its relation to symptom severity and occupational status at post-treatment and during follow-up. <br/><br/>Irrespective of assignment to the Choice or Random conditions, both treatments yielded clinically significant improvements for the primary and secondary outcomes, comparable to those found in previous trials of the two therapies. PCT was significantly superior to PFPP at post-treatment, possibly owing to a TS that occurred for patients in the PFPP treatment. Individuals with less avoidant attachment and less severe interpersonal problems were more likely to experience a TS during PFPP. However, PFPP was significantly superior to PCT during follow-up, so that the two treatments were equally effective at the 24-month follow-up for both the primary and secondary outcomes. Both treatments were well tolerated with no differences in drop-out rates. Further gains during the follow-up phase did not appear to be associated with further treatment seeking. High rates of employment were present at every assessment point, but significant improvement were observed for Work Ability at post-treatment and follow-up, apparently mediated by a reduction in self-reported panic symptoms during the treatment phase. Thus, it appears that a clinically meaningful reduction in panic symptoms is associated with significant improvements in the patient’s beliefs about their capacity in meeting current and future work demands. <br/>}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Thomas}},
  keywords     = {{Paniksyndrom; Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT); Psykodynamisk terapi (PDT); Arbetsförmåga; Termination setback; Panic Disorder; Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT); Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT); Work Ability; Termination Setback}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{08}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Primary and Secondary Outcomes from a Double Randomized Clinical Preference Trial of two Panic-Focused Psychotherapies}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/123618171/Avhandling_Thomas_Nilsson_e_spik.pdf}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}